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Crotales (), sometimes called antique cymbals, are percussion instruments consisting of small, tuned bronze or brass disks. Each is about 4 inches in diameter with a flat top surface and a nipple on the base. They are commonly played by being struck with hard mallets. However, they may also be played by striking two disks together in the same manner as finger cymbals, or by bowing. Their sound is rather like a small tuned bell, only with a much brighter sound, and a much longer resonance. Like tuned finger cymbals, crotales are thicker and larger; they also have slight grooves in them which give their sound more sparkle. Modern crotales are arranged chromatically and have a range of up to two octaves. They are typically available in sets (commonly one octave) but may also be purchased individually. Crotales are treated as transposing instruments; music for crotales is written two octaves lower than the sounding pitch, to minimize ledger lines. Crotales are already found in prehistory. The National Museum of Ireland has several examples on display dating from the late Bronze Age (1200 – 800 BC) which were found in a hoard alongside various brass wind instruments. == Uses == One of the earliest uses of crotales in the orchestral repertoire is Claude Debussy's ''Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune''. Other classical pieces featuring Crotales include Berlioz's ''Symphonie Roméo et Juliette, and ''Ravel's, ''Alborada del gracioso.''〔Karl Peinkofer and Fritz Tannigel, Handbook of Percussion Instruments, (Mainz, Germany: Schott, 1976), 61.〕 In Igor Stravinsky's ''The Rite of Spring'', the score calls for two crotales in A-flat and B-flat, and his ''Les noces'' ends on a plaintive series of chords struck by a combination of chimes and crotales. Another orchestral piece, ''From Me Flows What You Call Time'' by Toru Takemitsu, features crotales (as well as a host of other bells) in a prominent role. In Joseph Schwantner's ''...and the mountains rising nowhere'' the composer calls for the instrument to be bowed with a double bass bow, producing an eerie, sustained glass harmonica-like effect. Karlheinz Stockhausen's ''Mantra'' features pianists using crotales along with ring modulators and shortwave radio. The contemporary American composer John Adams also uses them in many of his more colourful orchestral pieces such as ''Short Ride in a Fast Machine''.〔May, Thomas (ed.). The John Adams Reader: Essential Writings on an American Composer. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Amadeus, 2006. p. 108〕 Rock drummer Neil Peart uses crotales as part of his basic drum kit. Progressive metal drummer Mike Portnoy used a crotales set in the ''Awake'' and ''A Change of Seasons'' era. Jocie Adams of The Low Anthem plays the instrument in the bowed manner in their live shows. Songwriter Rufus Wainwright uses the crotales to percussive effect in his song "Beauty Mark" from his self-titled debut album in 1998. Mike Oldfield utilized crotales in ''Clear Light'' on his album ''Tubular Bells II'', accompanying a synthesizer and guitar tune. Glenn Kotche of Wilco uses crotales, most prominently in the song "I am Trying to Break Your Heart". Crotales can be heard in "Wuthering Heights" by Kate Bush, played by percussionist Morris Pert. Progressive rock drummer Alan White of Yes uses crotales in the middle instrumental section of Awaken from Going For The One. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crotales」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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