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Crucibulum
''Crucibulum'' is a genus in the Nidulariaceae, a family of fungi whose fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled bird's nests. Often called "splash cups", the fruiting bodies are adapted for spore dispersal by using the kinetic energy of falling drops of rain.〔 The "eggs" inside the bird's nests (technically known as peridioles) are hard waxy shells containing spores, and tend to stick to whatever nearby herbage they land on, thus increasing the odds of being consumed and dispersed by herbivorous animals.〔 Members of this genus are saprobic, obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter, and are typically found growing on decayed wood and wood debris. The three known ''Crucibulum'' species (''C. laeve'', ''C. parvulum'', and ''C. cyathiforme'') are distinguished from other genera of the Nidulariaceae by their relatively simple funiculus – a cord of hyphae that connects the peridiole (the "eggs") to the exterior of the bird's nest.
==History==
Bird's nest fungi were first mentioned by Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius in ''Rariorum plantarum historia'' (1601). Over the next couple of centuries, these fungi were the subject of some controversy regarding whether the peridioles were seeds, and the mechanism by which they were dispersed in nature. For example, the French botanist Jean-Jacques Paulet, in his work ''Traité des champignons'' (1790–3), erroneously suggested that peridioles were ejected from the fruiting bodies by some sort of spring mechanism.〔Brodie, p. 15.〕
The structure and biology of the genus ''Crucibulum'' was better known by the mid-19th century, when the brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne published a monograph on the bird's nest fungi.〔 Subsequently, monographs were written in 1902 by Violet S. White (American species),〔Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1906,〔 Gordon Herriot Cunningham in 1924 (New Zealand species),〔 and Harold J. Brodie in 1975.〔Brodie, ''The Bird's Nest Fungi''.〕
The type species for the genus ''Crucibulum'' described by the Tulasne brothers was ''Crucibulum vulgare'', an older synonym of the species known today as ''C. laeve''. However, this naming choice was later deemed invalid by rules of fungal nomenclature; the first name validly applied to the species was ''C. laeve'', use by De Candolle, who had based his species upon ''Nidularia laevis'' as it appeared in Bulliard's ''Histoire des Champignons de la France'' (Paris, 1791).〔 Kambly and Lee published the first taxonomically valid description of the genus in 1936.〔 In their 1844 monograph on the Nidulariaceae,〔 the brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne used the name ''Crucibulum vulgare'', and the species was known by this name until the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) changed the starting-point date for the naming of fungi, and ''C. vulgare'' was deemed invalid.〔Brodie, ''The Bird's Nest Fungi'', p. 148.〕 The etymology of the specific epithet is derived from the Latin ''laeve'', meaning "smooth".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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