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The curlews , genus ''Numenius'', are a group of eight species of birds, characterised by long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. They are one of the most ancient lineages of scolopacid waders, together with the godwits which look similar but have straight bills.〔Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. ''BMC Evol. Biol.'' 4: 28. PMID 15329156 (PDF fulltext ) (Supplementary Material ) 〕 In Europe "curlew" usually refers to one species, the Eurasian curlew ''Numenius arquata''. Curlews feed on mud or very soft ground, searching for worms and other invertebrates with their long bills. They will also take crabs and similar items. Curlews enjoy a world-wide distribution. Most species show strong migratory habits and consequently one or more species can be encountered at different times of the year in Europe, the British Isles, Iberia, Iceland, Africa, Southeast Asia, Siberia, North America, South America and Australasia. The distribution of curlews has altered considerably in the past hundred years as a result of changing agricultural practices. Reclamation and drainage of marshy fields and moorland, and afforestation of the latter, have led to local decreases, while conversion of forest to grassland in some parts of Scandinavia has led to increases there.〔''Encyclopedia of the Animal World'' (1977): Vol.6: 518-519. Bay Books, Sydney.〕 The stone-curlews are not true curlews (family Scolopacidae) but members of the family Burhinidae, which is in the same order Charadriiformes, but only distantly related within that. ==Species in taxonomic order== *Whimbrel ''Numenius phaeopus'' *Slender-billed curlew ''Numenius tenuirostris'' - critically endangered, possibly extinct (early 21st century?) *Eurasian curlew ''Numenius arquata'' *Long-billed curlew ''Numenius americanus'' *Far Eastern curlew ''Numenius madagascariensis'' *Little curlew ''Numenius minutus'' *Eskimo curlew ''Numenius borealis'' - critically endangered, possibly extinct (early 1960s?) *Bristle-thighed curlew ''Numenius tahitiensis'' The Late Eocene (Montmartre Formation, some 35 mya) fossil ''Limosa gypsorum'' of France was originally placed in ''Numenius'' and may in fact belong there.〔Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' 8: 174-175. Academic Press, New York.〕 Apart from that, a Late Pleistocene curlew from San Josecito Cave, Mexico has been described. This fossil was initially placed in a distinct genus, ''Palnumenius'', but was actually a chronospecies or paleosubspecies related to the long-billed curlew.〔Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín & Johnson, Eileen (2003): Catálogo de los ejemplares tipo procedentes de la Cueva de San Josecito, Nuevo León, México. ''Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas'' 20(1): 79-93. (with English abstract ) (PDF fulltext ) 〕 The upland sandpiper (''Bartramia longicauda'') is an odd bird which is the closest relative of the curlews.〔 It is distinguished from them by its yellow legs, long tail, and shorter, less curved bill. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Curlew」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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