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''Cynara'' is a genus of thistle-like perennial plants in the sunflower family. They are native to the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, northwestern Africa, and the Canary Islands. The genus name comes from the Greek ''kynara'', which means "artichoke".〔(''Cynara''. ) Flora of North America.〕 Among the species in this genus are: * ''Cynara cardunculus'' is the cardoon, artichoke thistle, or wild artichoke. The stems of cultivated varieties are used as food around the Mediterranean. It is a common source of a coagulant used as an alternative to rennet in the manufacture of cheese, with the advantage that the cheese is then fully suitable for vegetarians; many southern European cheeses are traditionally made in this way. The edible globe artichoke is usually considered to be an ancient cultigen of this plant. As an introduced species in California, Argentina, and Australia, it is a major pest. * ''Cynara humilis'' is a wild thistle of southern Europe and north Africa which can be used in cheesemaking like ''C. cardunculus''.〔Vioque, M., et al. (2000). (Chemical and microbiological characteristics of ewes' milk cheese manufactured with extracts from flowers of ''Cynara cardunculus'' and ''Cynara humilis'' as coagulants. ) ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' 48(2), 451-56.〕 * ''Cynara scolymus'' is the edible globe artichoke. It differs from ''C. cardunculus'' in that the leaf lobes and inner bracts of involucre are less spiny. * ''Cynara cornigera'' leaves and flowers are eaten raw or cooked in Crete.〔Kyriazopoulos, A. P., et al. (Edible plant species in rangeland ecosystems of Crete, Greece. ) In: ''Grassland farming and land management systems in mountainous regions''. Proceedings of the 16th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation, Gumpenstein, Austria, 29-31 August, 2011. pp. 505-07.〕 ''Cynara'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of many lepidopterans, such as the artichoke plume moth (''Platyptilia carduidactyla''), a pest of artichoke crops.〔(Artichoke Plume Moth, ''Platyptilia carduidactyla''. ) Integrated Pest Management. University of California. Updated 2009.〕 ''C. cardunculus ''is being developed as a new bioenergy crop in the Mediterranean because of its high biomass and seed oil yields even under harsh conditions.〔Fernández, J., et al. (2006). Industrial applications of ''Cynara cardunculus'' L. for energy and other uses. ''Industrial Crops and Products'' 24, 222–29.〕〔The seed characteristics, seed composition, and allometric relationships predicting seed yields in the biomass crop ''Cynara cardunculus''. Global Change Biology Bioenergy. 2-3, 113-129.〕 ;Species〔(Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist )〕〔(''Cynara''. ) The Plant List.〕 #''Cynara algarbiensis'' - Spain, Portugal #''Cynara auranitica'' - Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Turkey #''Cynara baetica'' - Spain, Morocco #''Cynara cardunculus'' - cardoon - from Ireland + Canary Islands to Azerbaijan; naturalized in other regions #''Cynara cornigera'' - Greece, Libya, Cyprus, Egypt, Libya #''Cynara cyrenaica'' - Crete, Libya, Cyprus #''Cynara humilis'' - Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco, Canary Islands #''Cynara makrisii''〔Hand, R. and G. Hadjikyriakou. (2009). (''Cynara makrisii'' (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new artichoke species in Cyprus. ) ''Willdenowia'' 39(1) 77-81.〕 #''Cynara scolymus'' (syn. ''C. cardunculus'' var. ''scolymus'') - artichoke - area of origins unclear but probably Mediterranean; widely cultivated and naturalized #''Cynara syriaca'' - Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon, Syria #''Cynara tournefortii'' - Morocco, Spain, Portugal ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cynara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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