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Cyranides
The ''Cyranides'' (also ''Kyranides'' or ''Kiranides'') is a compilation of magico-medical works in Greek first put together in the 4th century.〔David Bain, "περιγίνεσθαι as a Medical Term and a Conjecture in the ''Cyranides''," in ''Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 283 (online. ) Christopher A. Faraone, ''Ancient Greek Love Magic'' p. 121, dates the work to the 1st century.〕 A Latin translation also exists. It has been described as a "farrago" and a ''texte vivant'',〔French, "living text"; that is, an "open" document or text undergoing continuing revision by multiple hands and existing in no one authoritative form; see Wikipedia.〕 owing to the complexities of its transmission: it has been abridged, rearranged, and supplemented. The resulting compilation covers the magical properties and practical uses of gemstones, plants, and animals, and is a virtual encyclopedia of amulets;〔Faraone, ''Ancient Greek Love Magic'', pp. 11 and 121.〕 it also contains material pertinent to the history of western alchemy,〔David Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ in the ''Cyranides'' and Related Texts: New Evidence for the Origins and Etymology of Alchemy," in ''Magic in the Biblical World: From the Rod of Aaron to the Ring of Solomon'' (T&T Clark International, 2003), pp. 209–210, especially note 64.〕 and to New Testament studies, particularly in illuminating meanings of words and magico-religious practices.〔Jeffrey B. Gibson, ''Temptations of Jesus in Early Christianity'' (Continuum International Publishing, 2004), p. 246 ( online ); used as a source by James A. Kelhoffer, ''The Diet of John the Baptist: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2005), ''passim''.〕 As a medical text, the ''Cyranides'' was held in relatively low esteem even in antiquity and the Middle Ages because of its use of vernacular language and reliance on lore rather than Hippocratic or Galenic medical theory.〔Maria Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium: Considerations for Future Research," University of California, Berkeley, p. 84, full text (downloadable. )〕
In the ''Pseudodoxia Epidemica'', Thomas Browne described the ''Cyranides'' as "a collection out of Harpocration the Greek and sundry Arabick writers delivering not only the Naturall but Magicall propriety of things."〔As cited by Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," p. 208.〕 Although the ''Cyranides'' was considered "dangerous and disreputable" in the Middle Ages, it was translated into Latin by Pascalis Romanus, a clergyman with medical expertise who was the Latin interpreter for Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. The 14th-century cleric Demetrios Chloros was put on trial because he transcribed magical texts, including what was referred to as the ''Coeranis''.〔Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," p. 208, note 61; Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium," p. 84.〕
==Form and structure==
The original 4th-century ''Cyranides'' comprised three books, to which a redactor added a fourth. The original first book of the ''Cyranides'', the Κυρανίς (''Kuranis''), was the second component of a two-part work, the first part of which was the Ἀρχαϊκἠ (''Archaikê''). Books 2–4 are a bestiary. The edition of Kaimakis (see below) contains a fifth and sixth book which were not transmitted under the name ''Cyranides'' but which were included with the work in a limited number of manuscripts. A medieval Arabic translation of the first book exists, and portions of it are "reflected" in the Old French work ''Le livre des secrez de nature'' (''The Book of Nature's Secrets'').
The ''Cyranides'' begins by instructing the reader to keep its contents secret, and with a fictional narrative of how the work was discovered.〔Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," pp. 195 (online ), 203 and 209; "περιγίνεσθαι as a Medical Term," p. 283; "Some Textual and Lexical Notes on ''Cyranides'' 'Books Five and Six'," ''Classica et Mediaevalia'' 47 (1996), pp. 151–168 (online. )〕 In one 15th-century manuscript, the author of the work is said to be Kyranos (Κοίρανος), king of Persia.〔Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium," p. 74.〕
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