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・ Cysmethynil
・ Cysoing
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・ Cyst of Montgomery
・ Cystadenocarcinoma
・ Cystadenoma
・ Cystamine
・ Cystangium
・ Cystathionine
・ Cystathionine beta synthase
・ Cystathionine beta-lyase
・ Cystathionine gamma-lyase
・ Cystathionine gamma-synthase
・ Cystathioninuria
Cystatin
・ Cystatin A
・ Cystatin B
・ Cystatin C
・ Cysteamine
・ Cysteamine dioxygenase
・ Cysteate synthase
・ Cystectomy
・ Cysteic acid
・ Cysteine
・ Cysteine (data page)
・ Cysteine desulfurase
・ Cysteine dioxygenase
・ Cysteine lyase
・ Cysteine metabolism


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Cystatin : ウィキペディア英語版
Cystatin

The cystatins are a family of cysteine protease inhibitors which share a sequence homology and a common tertiary structure of an alpha helix lying on top of an anti-parallel beta sheet. The family is subdivided as described below.
Cystatins show similarity to fetuins, kininogens, histidine-rich glycoproteins and cystatin-related proteins.
Cystatins mainly inhibit peptidase enzymes (another term for ''proteases'') belonging to peptidase families C1 (papain family) and C13 (legumain family). They are known to mis-fold to form amyloid deposits and are implicated in several diseases.
==Types==
The cystatin family includes:
* The Type 1 cystatins, which are intracellular and are present in the cytosol of many cell types, but can also appear in body fluids at significant concentrations. They are single-chain polypeptides of about 100 residues, which have neither disulfide bonds nor carbohydrate side-chains. Type 1 cystatins are also known as Stefins (after the Stefan Institute where they were first discovered )
* The Type 2 cystatins, which are mainly extracellular secreted polypeptides are largely acidic, contain four conserved cysteine residues known to form two disulfide bonds, may be glycosylated and/or phosphorylated. They are synthesised with a 19- to 28-residue signal peptide. They are broadly distributed and found in most body fluids.
* The Type 3 cystatins, which are multidomain proteins. The mammalian representatives of this group are the kininogens. There are three different kininogens in mammals: H- (high-molecular-mass, ) and L- (low-molecular-mass) kininogen, which are found in a number of species, and T-kininogen, which is found only in rats.
* Unclassified cystatins. These are cystatin-like proteins found in a range of organisms: plant phytocystatins, fetuin in mammals, insect cystatins, and a puff adder venom cystatin, which inhibits metalloproteases of the MEROPS peptidase family M12 (astacin/adamalysin). Also, a number of the cystatin-like proteins have been shown to be devoid of inhibitory activity.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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