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Tsar (Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь (usually written thus with a tilde) or цар, цaрь; also Czar or Tzar in Latin alphabet languages) is a title used to designate certain European Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar'', which was intended to mean "Emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, with-holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to king, or to be somewhat in between a royal and imperial rank. Occasionally, the word could be used to designate other, secular, supreme rulers. In Asia and Russia the imperial connotations of the term were blurred with time, due to the medieval translations of the Bible, and, by the 19th century, it had come to be viewed as an equivalent of King.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar ) 〕 However, in Serbia, it is viewed as an equivalent of Emperor. "Tsar" was the official title in the following states: * First Bulgarian Empire, in 913–1018 * Second Bulgarian Empire, in 1185–1422 * Serbian Empire, in 1346–1371 * Tsardom of Russia, in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by ''imperator'', but remaining in use outside Russia – and also officially in relation to several regions – until 1917) * Kingdom of Bulgaria, in 1908–1946 The first ruler to adopt the title ''tsar'' was Simeon I of Bulgaria.〔"Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, (EB.com ).〕 Simeon II, the last Tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title Tsar as well as being the last surviving person to do so. ==Meaning in Slavic languages== The title Tsar is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors, Caesar.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕 In comparison to the corresponding Latin word "imperator", the Byzantine Greek term ''basileus'' was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context. In the history of the Greek language, ''basileus'' had originally meant something like "potentate", it had gradually approached the meaning of "king" in the Hellenistic Period, and it came to designate "emperor" after the inception in the Roman Empire. As a consequence, Byzantine sources continued to call the Biblical and ancient kings "basileus", even when that word had come to mean "emperor" when referring to contemporary monarchs (while it was never applied to Western European kings, whose title was transliterated from Latin "rex" as , or to other monarchs, for whom designations such as "leader", "chieftain" were used.) As the Greek "basileus" was consistently rendered as "tsar" in Slavonic translations of Greek texts, the dual meaning was transferred into Church Slavonic. Thus, "tsar" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin "imperator" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings. From this ambiguity, the development has moved in different directions in the different Slavic languages. Thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use ''tsar'' as an equivalent of the term ''emperor''/''imperator'' as it exists in the West European (Latin) tradition. Currently, the term ''tsar'' refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like. The title of ''king'' (Russian ''korol' '', Bulgarian ''kral'') is sometimes perceived as alien and is by some Russian-speakers reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as ''king'' in English, ''roi'' in French etc.). Foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called ''imperator'' (император), rather than ''tsar''. In contrast, the Serbian, (along with the closely related Croatian language and Bosnian language) and Ukrainian language translates "''emperor''" (Latin ''imperator'') as ''tsar'' (''car'', цар) and not as ''imperator'', whereas the equivalent of ''king'' (''kralj'', краљ, король) is used to designate monarchs of non-imperial status, Serbian as well as foreign ancient rulers - just like Latin "''rex''". Biblical rulers in Serbian are called ''цар'' and in Croatian ''kralj''. In the West Slavic languages and Slovene language, the use of the terms is identical to the one in English and German: a king is designated with one term (Czech ''král'', Slovak ''kráľ'', Polish ''król'', Slovene ''kralj''), an emperor is designated with another, derived from ''Caesar'' as in German (Czech ''císař'', Slovak ''cisár'', Polish ''cesarz'', Slovene ''cesar''; Croat ''cesar'' and Montenegrin ''ćesar'' fall into disuse in the last century), while the exotic term "tsar" (Czech, Slovene and Polish ''car'', Slovak ''cár'') is reserved for the Bulgarian and Russian rulers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tsar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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