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In chemistry, intercalation is the reversible inclusion or insertion of a molecule (or ion) into compounds with layered structures. Examples are found in graphite intercalation compounds. : Many layered solids intercalate guest molecules. A famous example is the intercalation of potassium into graphite.〔Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. ("Inorganic Chemistry" ) Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. p. 794 ISBN 0-12-352651-5.〕 Intercalation expands the van der Waals gap between sheets, which requires energy. Usually this energy is supplied by charge transfer between the guest and the host solid, i.e., redox. Two potassium graphite compounds are KC8 and KC24. Carbon fluorides (e.g., (CF)x and (C4F)) are prepared by reaction of fluorine with graphitic carbon. The color is greyish, white, or yellow. The bond between the carbon and fluorine atoms is covalent, thus fluorine is not intercalated. Such materials have been considered as a cathodes in various lithium batteries. Treating graphite with strong acids in the presence of oxidizing agents, causes the graphite to oxidise. Graphite bisulfate, ()+()−, is prepared by this approach using sulfuric acid and a little nitric acid or chromic acid. The analogous graphite perchlorate can be made similarly by reaction with perchloric acid. Aside from graphite, well-known intercalation hosts are the layered metal dichalcogenides such as tantalum disulfide and iron oxychloride.〔S. Kikkawa, F. Kanamaru, M. Koizumi "Layered Intercalation Compounds" Inorganic Syntheses, 1983, Volume 22, 86. 〕 In characteristic manner, intercalation is analyzed by X-ray diffraction, since the spacing between sheets increases, and by electrical conductivity, since charge transfer alters the number of charge carriers. ==Exfoliation== An extreme case of intercalation is the complete separation of the layers of the material. This process is called exfoliation. Typically aggressive conditions are required involving highly polar solvents and aggressive reagents.〔V. Nicolosi, M. Chhowalla, M. G. Kanatzidis, M. S. Strano , J. N. Coleman, "Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials" Science 2013, Vol. 340 no. 6139. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6139/1226419.abstract〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intercalation (chemistry)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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