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DUF1220
DUF1220 is a protein domain of unknown function that shows a striking human lineage-specific (HLS) increase in copy number and may be important to human brain evolution. The copy number of DUF1220 domains increases generally as a function of a species evolutionary proximity to humans. DUF1220 copy number is highest in human (over 270, with some person-to-person variations). and shows the largest HLS increase in copy number (an additional 160 copies) of any protein coding region in the human genome. DUF1220 copy number is reduced in African great apes (estimated 125 copies in chimpanzees), further reduced in orangutan (92) and Old World monkeys (35), single- or low-copy in non-primate mammals and absent in non-mammals.〔 DUF1220 domains are approximately 65 amino acids in length and are encoded by a two-exon doublet.
In the human genome DUF1220 sequences are located primarily on chromosome 1 in region 1q21.1-q21.2, with several copies also found at 1p36, 1p13.3, and 1p12. Sequences encoding DUF1220 domains show signs of positive selection, especially in primates, and are expressed in several human tissues including brain, where their expression is restricted to neurons.〔
==DUF1220 history==
The gene showing a human-specific increase in DUF1220 copy number was first identified as the result of a genome-wide array CGH study of lineage-specific copy number differences between human and great ape species. The study found 134 genes that showed human lineage-specific increases in copy number, one of which, MGC8902 (also known as NBPF15, cDNA IMAGE:843276), encoded 6 DUF1220 domains.〔 DUF1220 protein domains are found almost exclusively in the NBPF gene family (which includes the MGC8902 gene), which was independently identified as a result of the first member of this family being disrupted in an individual with neuroblastoma. It was recently found that the exceptional increase in human DUF1220 copy number was the results of intragenic domain hyper-amplification primarily involving the three-domain unit called the HLS DUF1220 triplet.〔 Hyper-amplification of the triplet resulted in the addition of ~149 copies of DUF1220 specifically to the human lieage since its divergence from the Pan species, chimpanzee and bonobo, approximately 6 million years ago.〔 The ancestral DUF1220 domain is not part of the NBPF family but rather is found as a single copy within the PDE4DIP (Myomegalin) gene. PDE4DIP encodes a centrosomal protein and is a homolog of CDK5RAP2, a gene that lacks DUF1220 sequences and, when mutated, has been implicated in microcephaly.
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