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The or the Great Council of State was (i) (Daijō-kan) the highest organ of Japan's pre-modern Imperial government under Ritsuryō legal system during and after the Nara period or (ii) (Dajō-kan) the highest organ of Japan's government briefly after the Meiji Restoration, which was replaced by the Cabinet. It was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of this central administrative body composed of the three ministers—the ''Daijō-daijin'' (Chancellor), the ''Sadaijin'' (Minister of the Left) and the ''Udaijin'' (Minister of the Right).〔Hall, John Whitney ''et al.''. (1993). ( ''The Cambridge History of Japan'', p. 232. )〕 The Imperial governing structure was headed by the ''Daijō-kan''. This council and its subsidiary ministries handled all secular administrative affairs of the country, while the ''Jingi-kan'' or Department of Worship, oversaw all matters regarding Shintō ritual, clergy, and shrines. This structured organization gradually lost power over the course of the 10th and 11th centuries, as the Fujiwara clan, dominating the post of Imperial regent, began to dominate the ''Daijō-kan'' as well. It became increasingly common for the regent to hold the post of chancellor or other office simultaneously. By the 12th century, the council was essentially powerless as a separate entity, though it seems clear that the system was never formally dismantled. Over the course of centuries, the ''ritsuryō'' state produced more and more information which was carefully archived; however, with the passage of time in the Heian period, ''ritsuryō'' institutions evolved into a political and cultural system without feedback.〔(Mesheryakov, Alexander (2003). "On the Quantity of Written Data Produced by the Ritsuryō State" ), ''Japan Review'', 15:187–199.〕 By the time of Emperor Komei, the kuge aristocracy were joined in common goals by a number of newly powerful provincial figures from outside Kyoto. Together, this tenuous, undefined coalition of men worked together to restore the long latent prestige, persuasive power, and active strengths of a re-invigorated Imperial center. This combination of factors thrust an archaic hierarchy into the center of national attention, but with so many other high-priority matters demanding immediate attention, there was little time or energy to invest in reforming or re-organizing the ''Daijō-kan''. ==Ritsuryō organization and hierarchy== The eighth century ritsuryō innovations would prove to be remarkably durable and resilient across the span of centuries.〔(Ritsuryō -- court structure and offices ), Sheffield.〕 Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials reached its nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate, and yet the ''Daijō-kan'' did manage to persist intact through the initial years of the Meiji Restoration.〔Ozaki, Yukio. (2001). ''The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan'' pp. 10-11.〕 It is not possible to assess or evaluate any individual office without assessing its role in the context of a durable yet flexible network and hierarchy of functionaries.〔Dickson, Walter G. ''et al.'' (1898). ; excerpt at p. 56, "Klaproth has given in his "Annals of the Emperors" a sketch of these eight boards, with the offices under each. It is ... a concise account of the government of Japan. The study of such a subject is rather dry and uninteresting, but it is necessary for any one who wishes to make himself acquainted with Japanese history, either of the past or of the present day...."〕 In the early Meiji period, the appointed Imperial ''Daijo-kan'' was filled with princes, aristocrats, loyalists domain lords (''daimyo''), and samurai.〔Ozaki, pp. 1-6.〕 Within months after Emperor Meiji's Charter Oath, the ancient ritsuryō structure was slightly modified with an express focus on the separation of legislative, administrative, and judicial functions within the ''Daijō-kan'' system.〔Ozaki, p. 10.〕 The evolution of a deliberative body within a modern constitutional system was gradual, and its constituent differences from the old ''Daijō-kan'' were not entirely self-evident at first, as revealed in an Imperial message in 1869: :''"The Assembly shall be for the wide ranging consultation of public opinion and, respecting the Imperial will which laid the foundations of national government, it will be a place where the energies of the multitude are harnessed. Thus, it is necessary that proceedings will show respect for the Imperial rescript, be united in purpose with the ''Daijō-kan'', take the fundamentals of government to heart, judiciously address matters which arise, and act to ensure that unity within the country is not compromised."''〔Ozaki, p. 11.〕 Some months later, another major reform of the ''Daijō-kan'' re-united the legislative and executive functions which had been clearly separated earlier.〔 In 1871, The office of ''Daijō-daijin'' in the Great Council of State was briefly resurrected under the Meiji Constitution with the appointment of Sanjō Sanetomi. Despite the similarity of names for its constituent offices, this ''Daijō-kan'' would have been unrecognizable to Fujiwara courtiers of the Heian period. Nor would it have seemed at all familiar to those men who surrounded the emperor in the days of the Kemmu Restoration. In due course, it was decided that a modern integrated cabinet system would better serve a modern Japan. The ''Daijō-kan'' system, which had been divided into ministerial committees, would be replaced by a more modern model. In December 1885, the old system was abolished completely;〔Ozaki, p. 86.〕 and yet, even afterwards, some elements of old system were adapted to new uses. For example, in that year, the title of ''Naidaijin'' was reconfigured to mean the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan in the Imperial Court.〔Dus, Peter. (1988). ''The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century,'' pp. 59, 81.〕 The man who had previously held the office of prime minister or chief minister of the initial restoration government was the ''Daijō-daijin'', Sanjō Sanetomi. Sanjō petitioned the emperor to be relieved of his ancient ritsuryō office; and he was then immediately appointed ''Naidaijin'', or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal.〔 The office of the Privy Seal was identical with the old ''Naidaijin'' only in its Japanese title—not in terms of function or powers.〔(Unterstein (in German) ): (Ranks in Ancient and Meiji Japan (in English and French) ), pp. 6, 27.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Daijō-kan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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