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Dehesa
''Dehesa'' is a multifunctional agro-sylvo-pastoral system (a type of agroforestry) and cultural landscape of southern and central Spain and southern Portugal, where it is known as ''montado''.〔Fra. Paleo (2010)〕 Dehesas may be private or communal property (usually belonging to the municipality). Used primarily for grazing, they produce a variety of products including non-timber forest products such as wild game, mushrooms, honey, cork, and firewood. The tree component is oaks, usually holm (''Quercus ilex'') and cork (''Quercus suber''). Other oaks, including melojo (''Quercus pyrenaica'') and quejigo (''Quercus faginea''), may be used to form dehesa, the species depending on geographical location and elevation. Dehesa is an anthropogenic system that provides not only a variety of foods, but also wildlife habitat for endangered species such as the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle.〔Joffre et al. (1999); Huntsinger et al. (2004); McGrath (2007)〕
==Nature==
The dehesa is derived from the Mediterranean forest ecosystem, consisting of pastureland featuring herbaceous species for grazing and tree species belonging to the genus ''Quercus'' (oak), such as the holm oak (''Quercus ilex'' sp. ''ballota''), although other tree species such as beech and pine trees may also be present. Oaks are protected and pruned to produce acorns, which the famous black Iberian pigs feed on in the fall during the ''montanera''.〔Parsons (1962)〕 Ham produced from Iberian pigs fattened with acorns and air-dried at high elevations is known as ''Jamón ibérico'', and sells for premium prices, especially if only acorns have been used for fattening.
There is debate about the origins and maintenance of the dehesa, and whether or not the oaks can reproduce adequately under the grazing densities now forced upon the dehesa or ''montado''. Goats, cattle, and sheep also graze in dehesa. In a typical dehesa, oaks are managed to persist for about 250 years. If cork oaks are present, the cork is harvested about every 9 to 12 years, depending on the productivity of the site. The understory is usually cleared every 7 to 10 years, to prevent the takeover of the woodland by shrubs of the rock rose family (Cistaceae), often referred to as "jara", or by oak sprouts. Oaks are spaced to maximize light for the grasses in the understory, water use in the soils, and acorn production for pigs and game.〔Joffre et al. (1999)〕 Periodic hunts in the dehesa are known as the ''monteria''. Groups attend a hunt at a private estate, and wait at hunting spots for game to be driven to them with dogs. They usually pay well for the privilege, and hunt wild boar, red deer and other species.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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