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Demographics of Germany
The demography of Germany is monitored by the ''Statistisches Bundesamt'' (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). According to the first census since the reunification, Germany's population was counted to be 80,219,695 on May 9, 2011,〔https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/bevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf?__blob=publicationFile〕 making it the 16th most populous country in the world. Germany's population is characterized by zero or declining growth,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Population Handbook, 5th edition )〕 with an ageing population and smaller cohort of youths. The total fertility rate has been rated around 1.4 in 2010〔http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Bevoelkerung/GeburtenSterbefaelle/Tabellen/Content50/GeburtenZiffer, templateId=renderPrint.psml〕〔(Länderdatenbank Deutschland ) 〕 (the highest value since 1990〔) and has in 2011 even been estimated at 1.6 after accounting for the fact that older women contribute more to the number of births than in previous statistic models, and total fertility rates increased in younger generations. In 2008 fertility was closely linked to educational achievement (with the less educated women having more children than the educated ones).〔Statistisches Bundesamt. Mikrozensus 2008. Neue Daten zur Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. p. 27ff〕 In 2011 this was no longer true for Eastern Germany where college educated women now had a somewhat higher fertility rate than the rest of the population.〔Bundesintitut für Bevölkerungsforschung 2012. Talsohle bei Akademikerinnen durchschritten? Kinderzahl und Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland nach Bildungs- und Berufsgruppen. Expertise für das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. p. 14〕 Persons who adhere to no religion have fewer children than Christians, and studies also found that among Christians the more conservative ones had more children than the more liberal ones.〔Michael Blume, Carsten Ramsel, Sven Graupner: ''Religiosität als demografischer Faktor – Ein unterschätzter Zusammenhang?''. Marburg Journal of Religion: Volume 11, No. 1 (June 2006) ()〕〔Michael Blume (2008) (''Homo religiosus'' ), Gehirn und Geist 04/2009. S. 32–41.〕 In vitro fertilisation is legal in Germany, with an age limit set at 40.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Baby vacuum: Germany to start paying families to take IVF to reverse dwindling birthrate )〕
The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Migration 2006 )〕 More than 16 million people are of foreign/immigrant descent (first and second generation, including mixed heritage and ethnic German repatriates and their descendants). 96.1% of those reside in western Germany and Berlin.〔Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: "Die soziale Situation in Deutschland: Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund I〕 About seven million of them are foreign residents, which is defined as those not having German citizenship. The largest ethnic group of non-German origin are the Turkish. Since the 1960s, West and later reunified Germany has been attracting migrants primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Turkey, many of whom (or their children) over time acquired German citizenship. While most of these migrations had an economic background, Germany has also been a prime destination for refugees from many developing countries, in part because its constitution long had a clause giving a 'right' to political asylum, but restrictions over the years have since made it less attractive.
Germany has one of the world's highest levels of education, technological development, and economic productivity. Since the end of World War II, the number of students entering universities has more than tripled, and the trade and technical schools are among the world's best. With a per capita PPP income of about $41,370 in 2012,〔 Germany is a broadly middle class society. However, there has been a strong increase in the number of children living in poverty. Whereas in 1965 one in 75 children was on the welfare rolls, in 2007 one child in 6 was – although it should be noted that these children live in relative poverty, but not necessarily in absolute poverty.〔"Sozialhilfe: Kinderarmut nimmt zu". Focus. 15.11.2007〕 Germans also are very mobile; millions travel abroad each year. The social welfare system provides for universal health care, unemployment compensation, child benefits and other social programmes. Due to Germany's aging population and struggling economy, the welfare system came under a lot of strain in the 1990s. This led the government to adopt a wide-ranging programme of belt-tightening reforms, Agenda 2010, including the labour market reforms known as Hartz I - IV.
==History==
(詳細はcensuses, with the most recent held in 1987. Since reunification, German authorities rely on a ''micro census''.
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