|
Denglisch (German spelling) or Denglish (English spelling) is a portmanteau of the German words ''Deutsch'' and ''Englisch'' (''English''). The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.〔(War of words | World news | guardian.co.uk )〕 Many synonyms exist, including Germ(l)ish, Gerglish, Angleutsch, Genglish, and Engleutsch as well as Pseudo-Englisch. Both these and Denglish are also used to refer to incorrect English that is influenced by German.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Abwesenheitsnotiz Out of office )〕 To some extent, the influence of English on German can be described in terms of normal language contact (which is active also in the reverse direction, see list of English words of German origin). The term ''Denglisch'' is however mostly reserved for forced, excessive exercises in anglicization, or pseudo-anglicization, of the German language. The forced introduction of anglicisms, especially in marketing and business terminology, experienced a peak during the 1990s and early 2000s, but the ubiquity of the practice has since made it much less fashionable or prestigious and since the later 2000s many publicistic commentators have argued against it.〔Sönke Krügers ( Warum Denglisch Sprachmüll ist – Nachrichten Vermischtes ) Welt Online] 19 November 2007〕 ''Zeit Online'' (itself an example of the prevalence of English loans in IT terminology) in a 2007 article, while granting the possibility of excessive linguistic purism among those arguing against anglicizing influence on German, criticizes ubiquitous use of English (citing as example the fashion to label information desks at train stations, formerly simply known as ''Auskunft'', with the anglicistic ''Service Point''), and as an extreme case cites the pseudo-anglicistic ''Brain up!'' chosen by then-minister for education Edelgard Bulmahn as a campaign slogan in 2004.〔(Verkaufte Sprache: Das Deutsche wird zum Sanierungsfall ) Jens Jessen, 28 July 2007. "Welcher Teufel trieb eine deutsche Wissenschaftsministerin zu einer Kampagne mit dem Motto »Brain up«, was weder auf Deutsch noch auf Englisch Sinn ergibt?"〕 The same slogan had already been satirized by ''Frankfurter Allgemeine'' in 2004.〔(Uphearen bitte! ) csl., Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 27 January 2004, Nr. 22 / p. 36.〕 That same newspaper described how even the English-speaking sphere was mocking this unreflected and basically unnecessary kowtow as the "German linguistic submissiveness".〔(''Deutschland ist in der Sinnkrise'' ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 30 September 2015 (in German)〕 == Loanwords == German vocabulary has numerous cases of English loanwords which have become fully "naturalized" as German words, including full inflection. There was only very limited influence of English on German before the mid-19th century. Such loanwords as there are mostly concern nautical vocabulary, loaned into Low German (e.g. ''tank'', ultimately from Indo-Aryan; ''Tanker'' (''tanker (ship)'') is early 20th century). In the 19th century it was still more common to use loan translation for the vocabulary of industrialisation (''Dampfmaschine'' for "steam engine", ''Pferdestärke'' for "horse power", etc.), but to some extent continued in the early 20th century (''Wolkenkratzer'' for "skyscraper", ''Kaugummi'' for "chewing gum", ''Flutlicht'' for "flood light", ''Fernsehen'' for "television"). English loanwords become more common in the early 20th century; A notable example from this period is ''Test'', from US English (ultimately from Old French ''test'' "earthen pot"). ''Test'' was compatible both with German phonology and orthography, so that its nature as a loan is not evident. Early loanwords (19th to early 20th century) often describe characteristic garments or foodstuff, e.g. ''Jumper'' (19th century), ''Curry'' (19th-century loan from English, ultimately from Tamil), ''Pyjama'' (early-20th century loan from English ''pyjamas'', ultimately from Urdu), ''Trenchcoat'' (1920s). Also ''boykottieren'' "to boycott", 1890s; ''Star'' ("film star", homonymous with the German for starling). Direct influence of English, especially via US pop culture, becomes far more pronounced after the end of World War II and with Allied occupation of Germany, later by association with 1960s to 1970s US counterculture. ''Jeep'', ''Quiz'', ''Show'', ''Western'', ''Rock'' ("rock music", homonymous with the German for "skirt, frock"), ''Hippie'', ''Groupie''. The newest and most prolific wave of anglicisms arose after 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the surge of the "Anglo-Saxon" flavour of economic liberalism in continental Europe and the associated business jargon ("CEO" became extremely fashionable in German, replacing traditional terms such as ''Direktor'', ''Geschäftsführer'', ''Vorsitzender'', during the 1990s). At the same time, the rapid development of information technology pushed many technical terms from that field into everyday language. Many of the more recent loans have developed in spoken language and are still clearly felt as English words, so that their English orthography is retained in written communication, which leads to awkward spellings combining German morphemes with English word stems, as in ge''boot''et ("booted up" of a computer) or ''gecrasht'' or ''gecrashed'' ("crashed", of a computer), ''downgeloadet'', ''gedownloadet'' or ''gedownloaded'' ("downloaded"). They also retain English phonology in many cases, including phonemes that do not exist in Standard German (e.g. the /eɪ/ in "upd''a''te"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Denglisch」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|