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Derbent
Derbent ((ロシア語:Дербе́нт); (アゼルバイジャン語:Dərbənd); ; (アヴァル語:Дербенд)), formerly romanized as Derbend,〔"" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', , . 1878.〕 is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second-most important city of Dagestan. Population:
Derbent occupies the narrow gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains connecting the Eurasian steppes to the north and the Iranian Plateau to the south.
Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia with historical documentation dating to the 8th century BCE.〔(Derbent - Russia’s oldest city: 5,000 and counting ) 〕 Due to its strategic location, over the course of history, the city changed ownership many times, particularly among the Persian, Arab, Mongol, Timurid, Shirvan and Iranian kingdoms. In the course of the 19th century, the city eventually permanently passed from Iranian into Russian hands by the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan.〔Timothy C. Dowling (''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond'' ) p 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484〕
==Etymology==
The city's etymology derives from the Persian ''Darband'' (), meaning "locked gate", and it is often identified with the legendary Gates of Alexander. The Persian etymology for the city came into use in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century CE, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, but Derbent was probably already into the Sasanian sphere of influence as a result of the victory over the Parthians and the conquest of Caucasian Albania by Shapur I, the first shah of the Sassanid Persians.〔 Since antiquity, the value of the area as the gate to the Caucasus has been understood, and Derbent has archaeological structures over 5,000 years old. As a result of this geographic particularity, the city developed between two walls, stretching from the mountains to the sea. These fortifications were continuously employed for a millennium and a half, longer than any other extant fortress in the world. Over the years, different nations gave the city different names, but all connected to the word ''gate''; its name in Persian is ''Darband'', which means "closed gates".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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