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Deshmukh ((マラーティー語:देशमुख)) or Dēśamukh was a historical title given to a person who was granted a territory of land, in certain regions of India, specifically Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Karnataka and Telangana. In Marathi, ''Desh'' means a country and ''mukh'' means head or the chief; thus, ''deshmukh'' means "the head" of a district.〔J. G. Duff, A history of Mahratta Vol 1, p. 39〕 The granted territory was usually referred to as the Dēśamukhi. The deshmukh was in effect the ruler of the territory, as he was entitled to the collected taxes. It was also his duty to maintain the basic services in the territory, such as police and judicial duties. It was typically a hereditary system. The title of Deshmukh provided the titled family with revenues from the area and the responsibility to keep the order. For this reason, Deshmukh is loosely translated as 'patriot' and the name still commands respect today. Depending on the extent of the estate, the title is equivalent to that of a count or duke within the European aristocratic system. The deshmukh system was abolished after the independence of India in 1947, when the government confiscated most of the land of the Deshmukhs. Some families however maintain their status as real estate barons, most notably in Mumbai, with hold over properties that were not taken away. It was similar in many respects to the Jamindar and Jagir systems in India, and can be considered as a feudal system. Typically taxes collected were to be distributed fairly and occasionally deshmukhs participated in Vedic rituals in which they redistributed all material possessions to the people. However, the title Deshmukh should not be associated to a particular religion or caste. Deshmukhis were given by the Deccan sultanates, Mughal emperors, Nizams of Hyderabad and other Muslim rulers and by Maratha Kings (Chhatrapatis) to Muslims, Marathas, Brahmins, CKPs, Kshatriya Kunbis, Reddys and Jains. Inukonda Thirumali describes the role of Deshmukhs:〔Thirumali, pp47〕
Barry Pavier describes Deshmukhs:〔Pavier, pp1413〕
Writing in the nineteenth century, Major W. H. Skyes, the statistical reporter to the Government of Bombay, described the Desmukh:〔(Report of Land Tenures of the Dekkan ), by Major W. H. Skyes, Statistical Reporter to the Government of Bombay, Chapter VII pg9, Parliamentary Papers, Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, HMSO 1866〕
==Deshmukh as a surname== Notable people with this surname include: *Nanaji Deshmukh, social activist, founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh Party, MP of BJP; Padma Vibhushan. *Gopal Hari Deshmukh, writer and social reformer best known for his ''Lokhitwadinchi Shatapatre''. *C.D. Deshmukh, economist, former governor of Reserve Bank of India and former Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet. *Durgabai Deshmukh, wife of C.D. Deshmukh and founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha. *Ramrao Madhavrao Deshmukh (Marathi: रामराव माधवराव देश्मुख) (1892–1981) was a prominent political and academic personality from Amravati, Maharashtra. He was one of the very few Barristers from the region at that time. *B.G.Deshmukh (1929–2011), former cabinet secretary and principal secretary to three prime (Rajiv Gandhi, VP Singh and Chandrashekhar), a 1951 batch IAS and the first person to get into the IAS through competitive examinations. *Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh) Shirol and Nimsod descendants of king Yashowarden of Mahabharata *Peshwe Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) Deshmukh - Peshwa of Maratha Empire. *Peshwe Baji Rao Vishwanath (Bhat) Deshmukh - Peshwa of Maratha Empire, Son of Peshwe Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) Deshmukh. *Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh, social and political leader, founder of Shivaji education Society, Amravati, agricultural minister in Jawaharlal Nehru cabinet. * Sulochana Deshmukh - Publisher of Marathi Literature since 1937.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Deshmukh & Co.(Publishers) Pvt. Ltd. )〕 * Shri.Bhagvantrao Wamanrao Khopade-Deshmukh, older Marathi politician *Vilasrao Deshmukh, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. *Ritesh Deshmukh, Hindi film actor; son of Vilasrao Deshmukh. *Shivajirao Deshmukh,former Chairman of Maharashtra Legislative Council 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deshmukh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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