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Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and (less commonly) proteins. TGGE relies on temperature dependent changes in structure to separate nucleic acids. DGGE was the original technique, and TGGE a refinement of it. ==History== DGGE was invented by Leonard Lerman, while he was a professor at SUNY Albany.〔Cell. 1979 Jan;16(1):191-200. Length-independent separation of DNA restriction fragments in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Fischer SG, Lerman LS〕〔Fischer S. G. and Lerman L. S. "Separation of random fragments of DNA according to properties of their sequences" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1980, 77, 4420-4424.〕〔Fischer S. G. and Lerman L. S. "DNA fragments differing by single base-pair substitutions are separated in denaturing gradient gels: Correspondence with melting theory" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, 80, 1579-1583.〕 The same equipment can be used for analysis of protein, which was first done by Thomas E. Creighton of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England.〔J Mol Biol. 1994 Oct 7;242(5):670-82. Electrophoretic characterization of the denatured states of staphylococcal nuclease. Creighton TE, Shortle D.〕 Similar looking patterns are produced by proteins and nucleic acids, but the fundamental principles are quite different. TGGE was first described by Thatcher and Hodson 〔Bioochem. J. (1981) 197, 105-109〕 and by Roger Wartell of Georgia Tech. Extensive work was done by the group of Riesner in Germany. Commercial equipment for DGGE is available from Bio-Rad, INGENY and CBS Scientific; a system for TGGE is available from Biometra.
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