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Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, India. It houses one of the largest slums in the world.〔〔Sharma, Kalpana; "Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum" (2000) – Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-100023-6〕〔(Dharavi not Asia's largest slum: UNDP report )〕 Dharavi slum was founded in 1882 during the British colonial era. The slum grew in part because of an expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government, and from rural poor migrating into urban Mumbai (then called Bombay).〔 It is currently a multi-religious, multi-ethnic, diverse settlement.〔 Estimates of Dharavi's total population vary between 700,000〔 to about 1 million.〔 Dharavi has an active informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents. It exports goods around the world. Leather, textiles and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi by the slum residents. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over 500 million.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jai Ho Dharavi )〕 Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters.〔Swaminathan, M. (1995). Aspects of urban poverty in Bombay. Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 133-144〕 It currently covers an area of . ==History== In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency – Thane )〕 ''Daravi'' is a historical spelling of the area. It was predominantly a mangrove swamp before the late 19th century, inhabited by Koli fishermen. Dharavi was then referred to as the village of Koliwadas.〔 ;Colonial era Mumbai has been one of the centers of India's urbanization for 200 years. At the middle of the 19th century, after decades of urban growth under East India Company and British Raj, the city's population reached half a million. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Mumbai peninsula, the population density was over 10 times higher than London at that time.〔Jan Nijman, A STUDY OF SPACE IN MUMBAI'S SLUMS, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Volume 101, Issue 1, pages 4–17, February 2010〕 Most parts of Mumbai faced an acute shortage of housing and serious problems with the provision of water, sanitation and drainage. Residential areas were segregated in Mumbai between European and 'native' residential quarters.〔Kalpana Sharma (2000), Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum, Penguin Books, ISBN 9780141000237; pages 6-8〕 Slums were heavily concentrated in areas meant for 'native' Indian population, and it attracted no planning or London-like investment for quality of life of its inhabitants.〔Dossal, M. (1991), Imperial designs and Indian realities. The planning of Bombay City 1845–1875. Delhi, Oxford University Press〕 Unsanitary conditions plagued Mumbai, particularly in the so-called Native Town, the segregated section where Indians lived. In 1869, as with 19th century epidemics in European slums, bubonic plague spread in Mumbai and then across most of India. The epidemic killed nearly 200,000 people in Mumbai and 8 million in India. In 1880s, concerned about epidemics, the British colonial government expelled polluting industries and many Indian residents of the Native Town, away from the peninsular part of the city, to a distant edge of the city in the north in the village of Koliwadas. Thus was born Dharavi.〔 The most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Mumbai into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, moved into Dharavi. Other early settlers included the Kumbars, a large Gujarati community of potters (another polluting industry). The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895. Rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Mumbai, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the embroidery workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade.〔 These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no effort to plan or invest in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, roads or other basic services. Dharavi's first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1913.〔 A large influx of Tamil migrants came in the 1920s. Bombay's first Tamil school and Dharavi's first school was constructed in 1924.〔 ;Post-independence At India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in Mumbai and all of India. It still had a few empty spaces, which continued to serve as waste-dumping grounds for operators across the city.〔 Mumbai, meanwhile, continued to grow as a city. Soon Dharavi was surrounded by the city, and became a key hub for informal economy.〔Eyre, L. (1990), The shanty towns of central Bombay. Urban Geography 11, pages 130–152〕 Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in the 1960s to uplift the lives of thousands of slum dwellers by the initiative of Shri. M.V. Duraiswamy, a well-known social worker and congress leader of that region. The society promoted 338 flats and 97 shops and was named for Dr. Baliga Nagar. By the late 20th century, Dharavi occupied about , with an astounding population density of more than 2900 people per hectare (1200/acre).〔〔Graber et al. (2005), Living and working in slums of Mumbai. Working paper 36. Magdeburg: Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Netherlands〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dharavi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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