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Dharma ((:dʱəɾmə); (サンスクリット:धर्म) ''dharma'', ; (パーリ語:धम्म) ''dhamma''; Kannada ಧರ್ಮ; (タミル語:அறம்) ''Aram'') is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism.〔(Encyclopedia Britannica, ''Dharma'' )〕 There is no single word translation for ''dharma'' in western languages.〔 In Hinduism, ''dharma'' signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with ''rta'', the order that makes life and universe possible,〔 and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and ‘‘right way of living’’.〔see: *Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, ISBN 978-0787650155; *Steven Rosen (2006), Essential Hinduism, Praeger, ISBN 0-275-99006-0, Chapter 3〕 In Buddhism ''dharma'' means "cosmic law and order",〔 but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha.〔 In Buddhist philosophy, ''dhamma/dharma'' is also the term for "phenomena".〔David Kalupahana. ''The Philosophy of the Middle Way.'' SUNY Press, 1986, pages 15–16〕 In Jainism ''dharma'' refers to the teachings of the ''Jinas''〔 and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings. For Sikhs, the word ''dharm'' means the "path of righteousness". The Classical Sanskrit noun ''dharma'' is a derivation from the root ''dhṛ'', which has a meaning of "to hold, maintain, keep". The word "dharma" was already in use in the historical Vedic religion, and its meaning and conceptual scope has evolved over several millennia.〔 The antonym of dharma is ''adharma''. ==Etymology== The Classical Sanskrit noun ''dharma'' is a derivation from the root ''dhṛ'', which means "to hold, maintain, keep", and takes a meaning of "what is established or firm", and hence "law". It is derived from an older Vedic Sanskrit ''n''-stem ''dharman-'', with a literal meaning of "bearer, supporter", in a religious sense conceived as an aspect of Rta. In the Rigveda, the word appears as an ''n''-stem, ', with a range of meanings encompassing "something established or firm" (in the literal sense of prods or poles). Figuratively, it means "sustainer" and "supporter" (of deities). It is semantically similar to the Greek ''ethos'' ("fixed decree, statute, law"). In Classical Sanskrit, the noun becomes thematic: '. The word ''dharma'' derives from Proto-Indo-European root '' *dʰer-'' ("to hold"), which in Sanskrit is reflected as class-1 root ''√dhṛ''. Etymologically it is related to Avestan √dar- ("to hold"), Latin ''frēnum'' ("rein, horse tack"), Lithuanian ''derė́ti'' ("to be suited, fit"), Lithuanian ''dermė'' ("agreement")〔Karl Brugmann, Elements of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages, Volume III, B. Westermann & Co., New York, 1892, p. 100〕 and ''darna'' ("harmony") and Old Church Slavonic ''drъžati'' ("to hold, possess"). Classical Sanskrit word ''dharmas'' would formally match with Latin o-stem ''firmus'' from Proto-Indo-European *''dʰer-mo-s'' "holding", were it not for its historical development from earlier Rigvedic n-stem. In Classical Sanskrit, and in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Atharvaveda, the stem is thematic: ' (Devanāgarī: धर्म). In Pāli, it is rendered ''dhamma''. In some contemporary Indian languages and dialects it alternatively occurs as ''dharm''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dharma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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