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:''This article is about Dhrupad, the genre of Indian classical singing. For the character in the Mahabharata with a similar name, see Drupada.'' Dhrupad (Hindi: ध्रुपद) is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still in use in that musical tradition.〔(Dhrupad.info )〕 Its name is derived from the words ''dhruva'' and ''pad'' (verse), where a part of the poem (''dhruv'') is used as a refrain.〔"The Hindi word ''dhrupad'' (Urdu: ''dhurpad'') from Sanskrit ''dhruva-pada'', denotes a short poem for singing (''pada'') part of which functions as a refrain (''dhruva'')." 〕 The term may denote both the verse form of the poetry and the style in which it is sung.〔(Dhrupad ) SPIC MACAY〕 Abul Fazl, courtier and chronicler at the court of the Emperor Akbar, defines the dhrupad verse form in his ''Ain-e-Akbari'' as ''"four rhyming lines, each of indefinite prosodic length."'' Thematic matter ranges from the religious and spiritual (mostly in praise of Hindu deities) to royal panegyrics, musicology and romance. Though Dhrupad is basically a vocal tradition, its musical aesthetics have been adopted by many instrumentalists. Not only by various schools of Rudra Veena players (Beenkars) but also by other instrumentalists, who look to Dhrupad for examples for their instrumental developments of raag, and go as far as to adapt the format: a slow, unmetered alaapa, Jhor, Jhala, to be concluded with one or more compositions in contrasting talas. Ram Narayan and Hariprasad Chaurasia, to name but two acclaimed instrumentalists, pay homage to Dhrupad in the way they present a raag. ==History== The earliest source that mentions a musical genre called ''Dhrupad'' is Ain-i-Akbari of Abu Fazl (1593). Later works attribute much of the material to musicians in the court of Man Singh Tomar (fl. 1486-1516) of Gwalior. In these accounts from the Mughal court Dhrupad is portrayed as a musical form which is relatively new; and according to Sanyal, most sources agree that Drupad owes its origin to the court of Man Singh Tomar. There is no reference to Dhrupad in Bharat's ''Natya Shastra'', commonly dated to the 1st Century AD, and even in ''Sangit Ratnakar'', a 13th Century text, taken as authoritative. Ravi Shankar〔Ravi Shankar, ''Raag Mala'', Welcome Rain Pub., 1999, p.319〕 states that the form appeared in the fifteenth century as a development from the ''prabandha'', which it replaced. Under Mughal ("Mogul") rule it was appropriated as court music. However the musical background of dhrupad is thought by some to have a long history, traceable back to the Vedas themselves. The ''Yugala Shataka'' of Shri Shribhatta in the ''Nimbarka Sampradaya'', written in 1294 CE, contains lyrics of similar fashion. Swami Haridas (also in the ''Nimbarka Sampradaya''), the guru of Tansen, was a well known dhrupad singer. The 18th Century saw the beginning of a great decline of dhrupad singing. A newer genre, khyal, which had coexisted with dhrupad for a couple of centuries, and which emerged partly as a reaction against so-called 'nibaddha' or pre-composed music, gained popularity at dhrupad's expense, placing fewer constraints on the singers and allowing greater improvisation and displays of virtuosity rare in dhrupad. Also, new instruments were being developed – the sitar and the sarod – that were not suited to the slow tempo and low register favoured by dhrupad so that dhrupad In 1960 the French ethnomusicologist Alain Daniélou invited Nasir Moinuddin and Nasir Aminuddin Dagar (the senior Dagar Brothers)〔http://www.dagar.org〕〔http://www.dagarvani.org〕 to perform in Europe. Their concerts were successful and, upon the untimely demise of Nasir Moinuddin in 1966, his younger brothers Nasir Zahiruddin and Nasir Fayazuddin continued. The Dagars toured widely and recorded. Coinciding with growing foreign interest in Indian music, the Dagarvani-revival helped breathe new life into a few other families of dhrupad singers. Today, dhrupad enjoys a place as a well-respected but not widely popular genre, no longer on the brink of extinction. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dhrupad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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