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A diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster. For example, the vowel that constitutes the English word ''eye'' is pronounced differently depending on dialect ( or in RP and General American, or in Scottish English, in Australian English, in Irish English, in South African English, and or in Southern American English, etc.) but, in the appropriate context, all of these variants are perceived by speakers as equivalent, and thus constitute a single diaphoneme. The word diaphone was originally used with the same meaning, but was later repurposed to refer to any of the particular variants, making the relationship between diaphoneme and diaphone analogous to that between phoneme and allophone. Diaphonology studies the realization of diaphones across dialects, and is important if an orthography is to be adequate for more than one dialect of a language. In historical linguistics, it is concerned with the reflexes of an ancestral phoneme as a language splits into dialects, such as the modern realizations of Old English . ==Usage== The term ''diaphone'' first appeared in usage by phoneticians like Daniel Jones〔, citing 〕 and Harold E. Palmer.〔, citing 〕〔 states that Jones credited Palmer with using the term in print first, though citing , credits Jones with pushing the concept.〕 Jones, who was more interested in transcription and coping with dialectal variation than with how cognitively real the phenomenon is, originally used ''diaphone'' to refer to the family of sounds that are realized differently depending on dialect but that speakers consider to be the same; an individual dialect or speaker's realization of this diaphone was called a ''diaphonic variant''. Because of confusion related to usage, Jones later coined the term ''diaphoneme'' to refer to his earlier sense of ''diaphone'' (the class of sounds) and used ''diaphone'' to refer to the variants.〔This is how the terms are used in (cited in ), , and 〕〔 uses ''diaphone'' in this sense but uses ''phoneme'' in place of ''diaphoneme.''〕 A diaphonemic inventory is a specific diasystem (a term popularized by Uriel Weinreich) that superimposes dialectal contrasts to access all contrasts in all dialects that are included. This consists of a shared core inventory〔, citing 〕 and, when accounting for contrasts not made by all dialects (whether they are historical contrasts that have been lost or innovative ones not made in all varieties ), only as many contrasts as are needed.〔 refers to this distinction as "differences in phonetic realization" and "differences between accents", respectively.〕 The diaphonemic approach gets away from the assumption that linguistic communities are homogeneous, allows multiple varieties to be described in the same terms (something important for situations where people have abilities in more than one variety),〔, citing 〕 and helps in ascertaining where speakers make diaphonic identifications as a result of similarities and differences between the varieties involved. The linguistic variable, a similar concept presented by William Labov, refers to features with variations that are referentially identical but carry social and stylistic meaning.〔, pointing to 〕 This could include phonological, as well as morphological and syntactic phenomena. Labov also developed variable rules analysis, with variable rules being those that all members of a speech community (presumably) possess but vary in the frequency of use.〔, pointing to 〕 The latter concept met resistance from scholars for a number of reasons including the argument from critics that knowledge of rule probabilities was too far from speakers' competence.〔See for a more in-depth discussion about communicative competence in relation to variable rules.〕 Because of these problems, use of variable rules analysis died down by the end of the 1980s. Nevertheless, the linguistic variable is still used in sociolinguistics. For Labov, grouping variants together was justified by their tendency to fluctuate between each other within the same set of words.〔, citing 〕 For example, Labov presented the variants (among New York speakers) of the vowel of ''bad'' or ''dance'': The different phonetic values were assigned numerical values that were then used in an overall score index. Overdifferentiation is when phonemic distinctions from one's primary language are imposed on the sounds of the second system where they are not required; underdifferentiation of phonemes occurs when two sounds of the second system are not maintained because they are not present in the primary system.〔, citing 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Diaphoneme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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