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Dihya or Kahina (Berber: ''Daya Ult Yenfaq Tajrawt'', ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ ''Dihya'', or ⴷⴰⵎⵢⴰ ''Damya''; Arabic: ديهيا), was a Berber queen, religious and military leader who led indigenous resistance to Arab Islamic expansion in Northwest Africa, the region then known as Numidia. She was born in the early 7th century and died around the end of the 7th century in modern-day Algeria. == Disputed origins and religion == Her personal name is one of these variations: Daya,Dehiya, Dihya (ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ), Dahya or Damya (with Arabic spelling it is difficult to distinguish between these variants).〔See discussion of these supposed names by Talbi.〕 Her title was cited by Arabic-language sources as ''al-Kāhina'' (the priestess soothsayer). This was the nickname used by her Muslim opponents because of her reputed ability to foresee the future. She was born in the early 7th century and may well have been of mixed descent: Berber Jews〔https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Dahiya_Kahina.html〕 and Byzantine Christian, since one of her sons is described as a 'yunani' or Greek.〔Pedro Chalmeta, ''Invasión e islamización: la sumisión de Hispania y la formación de al-Andalus '' (Jaen, 2003), p. 93.〕 Dihya may have ruled as a Christian queen but some Arab historians wrote that she was a Jewish "sorcerer", and she was able to defeat the Arab Islamic invaders who retreated to Tripolitania: for five years ruled a free berber state from the Aures mountains to the oasis of Gadames (695-700 AD). But the Arabs, commanded by Musa bin Nusayr, returned with a strong army and defeated her. She fought at the El Djem Roman amphitheater but finally died around the end of the 7th century in modern-day Algeria in a battle near Tabarka: according to Islamic legends, she ordered -when dying after her final defeat in 702 AD- her sons to convert to Muslim faith. Accounts from the 19th century on, claim she was of Jewish religion or that her tribe were Judaized Berbers.〔see Hirschberg (1963) and Talbi (1971)〕 According to al-Mālikī she was said to have been accompanied in her travels by what the Arabs called an "idol", possibly an icon of the Virgin or one of the Christian saints,〔Modéran (2005) discussing this point also points out that according to the 6th-century historian Procopius a Berber king carried an idol of the god Gurzil〕 but certainly not something associated with Jewish religious customs. The idea that the Jrāwa were Judaized comes from the medieval historian Ibn Khaldun, who named them among a number of such tribes. Hirschberg and Talbi note that Ibn Khaldun seems to have been referring to a time before the advent of the late Roman and Byzantine empires, and a little later in the same paragraph seems to say that by Roman times "the tribes" (presumably those he had listed before) had become Christianized.〔The most recent study, by Modéran (cited below), agrees with and reinforces Talbi's conclusions.〕 In the words of H. Z. Hirschberg, "of all the known movements of conversion to Judaism and incidents of Judaizing, those connected with the Berbers and Sudanese in Africa are the least authenticated. Whatever has been written on them is extremely questionable."〔Hirschberg (1963) p. 339.〕 Hirschberg further points out that in the oral legends of Algerian Jews, "Kahya" was depicted as an ogre and persecutor of Jews. Over four centuries after her death, Tunisian hagiographer al-Mālikī seems to have been among the first to state she resided in the Aurès Mountains. Just on seven centuries after her death, the pilgrim at-Tijani was told she belonged to the Lūwāta tribe.〔at-Tijani, arabic text p. 57: ''al-kāhinat al-ma'arūfat bi-kāhinat lūwātat'', p. 118 of the translation〕 When the later historian Ibn Khaldun came to write his account, he placed her with the Jrāwa tribe. According to various Muslim sources, al-Kāhinat was the daughter of Tabat, or some say Mātiya.〔according to some, this name is an Arabicized form of the Christian name Matthias or Matthew, see cited paper by Talbi for more discussion〕 These sources depend on tribal genealogies, which were generally concocted for political reasons during the 9th century.〔Talbi (1971) and Modéran (2005) discuss the various sources.〕 Ibn Khaldun records many legends about Dihyā. A number of them refer to her long hair or great size, both legendary characteristics of sorcerers. She is also supposed to have had the gift of prophecy and she had three sons, which is characteristic of witches in legends. Even the fact that two were her own and one was adopted (an Arab officer she had captured), was an alleged trait of sorcerers in tales. Another legend claims that in her youth, she had supposedly freed her people from a tyrant by agreeing to marry him and then murdering him on their wedding night. Virtually nothing else of her personal life is known. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kahina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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