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Dioscorine
Dioscorine is an alkaloid toxin isolated from the tubers of tropical yam in different continents. It has been used as a monkey poison in some African countries, and as an arrow poison to aid in hunting in several parts of Asia. It was first isolated from ''Dioscorea hirsute'' (synonymous with Dioscorea hirsuta) by Boorsma in 1894, and obtained in a crystalline form by Schutte in 1897. Dioscorine is a neurotoxin that acts by blocking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Dioscorine is generally isolated in tandem with other alkaloids such as dioscin but is usually the most potent toxin. It is a convulsant; it produces symptoms and has a mechanism of action similar to picrotoxin. (Dioscorine is not to be confused with dioscorin, the yam storage protein.)
==Origin and uses==
Dioscorine was first isolated from the tubers of ''Dioscorea hirsute'' by Boorsma in 1894,〔Boorsma,. Meded. vits Lands Plant 1894, 13.〕 and the tubers of ''Dioscorea hispida'' by Levya and Gutierrez in 1937.〔Levya,; Guttierez,. J. Philippine Is. Med. Assoc 1937, 17.〕 It was obtained in a crystalline condition by Schutte.〔Schutte,. Nederl. Tijdschr. Pharm 1897, 9.〕 In tropical lands, tubers from varieties of these species are eaten, but the alkaloid-bearing species are of toxicological interest because of their poisoning abilities.〔(Broadbent, J.; Schnieden, H. A comparison of some pharmacological properties of dioscorine and dioscine. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 1958, 13, 213-215 )〕 Dioscorine produces insecticidal and antifeedant responses in various species of insects, but has more interesting historical applications.〔(Banaag, A.; Honda, H.; Shono, T. Effects Of Alkaloids From Yam, Dioscorea Hispida Schlussel, On Feeding And Development Of Larvae Of The Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1997, 32. )〕 These are dependent on the geographical location of the specific tuber (Table 1). Poisoning from dioscorine first appeared from accidental food poisoning from the yam, especially during periods of severe drought in many parts of Africa. People then began making the distinction between edible and toxic plants, and put the toxins to use in hunting. Cases of poisoning have officially been reported since the 1930s but had been happening earlier.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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