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Diphyllobothrium
''Diphyllobothrium'' is a genus of tapeworm which can cause Diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriosis is ''Diphyllobothrium latum'', known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. ''D. latum'' is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals. ''D. latum'' is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. In Far East Russia, ''D. klebanovskii'', having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host, was identified.
Other members of the genus ''Diphyllobothrium'' include ''Diphyllobothrium dendriticum'' (the salmon tapeworm), which has a much larger range (the whole northern hemisphere), ''D. pacificum'', ''D. cordatum'', ''D. ursi'', ''D. lanceolatum'', ''D. dalliae'', and ''D. yonagoensis'', all of which infect humans only infrequently. In Japan, the most common species in human infection is ''D. nihonkaiense'', which was only identified as a separate species from ''D. latum'' in 1986. More recently, a molecular study found ''D. nihonkaiense'' and ''D. klebanovskii'' to be a single species.
==History==
The fish tapeworm has a long documented history of infecting people who regularly consume fish and especially those whose customs include the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. In the 1970s, most of the known cases of diphyllobothriasis came from Europe (5 million cases), and Asia (4 million cases) with fewer cases coming from North America and South America, and no reliable data on cases from Africa or Australia. Interestingly, despite the relatively small number of cases seen today in South America, some of the earliest archeological evidence of diphyllobothriasis comes from sites in South America. Evidence of ''Diphyllobothrium spp.'' has been found in 4,000- to 10,000-year-old human remains on the western coast of South America. There is no clear point in time when ''Diphyllobothrium latum'' and related species were “discovered” in humans, but it is clear that diphyllobothriasis has been endemic in human populations for a very long time. Due to the changing dietary habits in many parts of the world, autochthonous, or locally acquired, cases of diphyllobothriasis have recently been documented in previously non-endemic areas, such as Brazil.〔Llaguno, Mauricio M., et al. “''Diphyllobothrium latum'' infection in a non-endemic country: case report.” (2008) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 41 (3), 301-303〕 In this way, diphyllobothriasis represents an emerging infectious disease in certain parts of the world where cultural practices involving eating raw or undercooked fish are being introduced.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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