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Contempt
Contempt, not classified among Paul Ekman's six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, is a mixture of disgust and anger.〔TenHouten, W.D. (2007). ''General Theory of Emotions and Social Life''. Routledge.〕 The word originated in 1393, from the Latin word ''contemptus'' meaning "scorn". It is the past participle of ''contemnere'' and from ''com''- intensive prefix + ''temnere'' "to slight, scorn". The origin is uncertain. ''Contemptuous'' appeared in 1529.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕
Robert C. Solomon places contempt on the same continuum as resentment and anger, and he argues that the differences between the three are that resentment is anger directed toward a higher-status individual; anger is directed toward an equal-status individual; and contempt is anger directed toward a lower-status individual.〔Solomon R.C. (1993). ''The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life''. Hackett Publishing.〕
==Cultural context==
Ekman and Friesen (1986) identified a specific facial expression that observers in ten different cultures, both Western and non-Western, agreed signaled contempt. In this study, citizens of West Sumatra, Indonesia, were given photos of American, Japanese, and Indonesian peoples. Their ability to classify some facial expressions as contempt versus the primary emotions of anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, or surprise showed that across cultures, general contempt is universally understood (with level of agreement equating to 75%).〔Ekman, P & Heider, K.G. (1988). The Universality of Contempt Expression: A Replication. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 303-308.〕 “An expression in which the corner of the lip is tightened and raised slightly on one side of the face (or much more strongly on one side than the other) signaled contempt.” This study showed that contempt, as well as the outward expression of contempt, can be pointed out across Western and Non-Western peoples when contrasted with other primary emotions.
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