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|common_name = Djibouti |image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Djibouti.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''Djibouti'' |official_languages = |national_languages = |religion = Islam |demonym = Djiboutian |capital = Djibouti City |latd=11 |latm=36 |latNS=N |longd=43 |longm=10 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = Single-party semi-presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name1 = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh |leader_name2 = Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed |legislature = National Assembly |area_rank = 150th |area_footnote = |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 23,200 |area_sq_mi = 8,958 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 810,178 |population_estimate_year = 2014〔 |population_density_km2 = 37.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 96.4 |population_density_rank = 168th |GDP_PPP = $2.700 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Djibouti )〕 |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,874〔 |GDP_nominal = $1.583 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Djibouti )〕 |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,685〔 |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from France |established_date1 = June 27, 1977〔 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = |Gini = 40.0 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.467 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 170th |currency = Djiboutian franc |currency_code = DJF |country_code = |time_zone = EAT |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +253 |cctld = .dj }} Djibouti ( ; (アラビア語:جيبوتي) ', (フランス語:Djibouti), (ソマリ語:''Jabuuti''), (アファル語:Gabuuti)), officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of just . In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt. Nearby Zeila (now in Somalia) was the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established following treaties signed by the ruling Somali and Afar sultans with the French〔Raph Uwechue, ''Africa year book and who's who'', (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p.209.〕〔Hugh Chisholm (ed.), ''The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information'', Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.〕〔''A Political Chronology of Africa'', (Taylor & Francis), p.132.〕 and its railroad to Dire Dawa (and later Addis Ababa) allowed it to quickly supersede Zeila as the port for southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden.〔"Zaila" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th ed. 1911.〕 It was subsequently renamed to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas in 1967. A decade later, the Djiboutian people voted for independence. This officially marked the establishment of the ''Republic of Djibouti'', named after its capital city. Djibouti joined the United Nations the same year, on September 20, 1977.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Today in Djibouti History )〕 In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to armed conflict, which ended in a power sharing agreement in 2000 between the ruling party and the opposition.〔 Djibouti is a multi-ethnic nation with a population of over 810,000 inhabitants. Arabic and French constitute the country's two official languages. About 94% of residents adhere to Islam,〔 a religion that has been predominant in the region for more than 1,000 years. The Somali Issa and Afar make up the two largest ethnic groups. Both speak Afroasiatic languages, which serve as recognized national languages. Djibouti is strategically located near the world's busiest shipping lanes, controlling access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It serves as a key refueling and transshipment center, and is the principal maritime port for imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia. A burgeoning commercial hub, the nation is the site of various foreign military bases, including Camp Lemonnier. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) regional body also has its headquarters in Djibouti City.〔 ==History== (詳細はNeolithic. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations arrived in the region during this period from the family's proposed urheimat ("original homeland") in the Nile Valley,〔Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)〕 or the Near East.〔Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, 〕 Other scholars propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there. Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at Asa Koma, an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain. The site's ware is characterized by punctate and incision geometric designs, which bear a similarity to the Sabir culture phase 1 ceramics from Ma'layba in Southern Arabia. Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle was present by around 3,500 years ago. Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at Dorra and Balho. Additionally, between Djibouti City and Loyada are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic stelae. The structures are associated with graves of rectangular shape flanked by vertical slabs, as also found in central Ethiopia. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol. Together with northern Somalia, Eritrea and the Red Sea coast of Sudan, Djibouti is considered the most likely location of the territory known to the Ancient Egyptians as ''Punt'' (or ''Ta Netjeru,'' meaning "God's Land"). The first mention of the Land of Punt dates to the 25th century BC.〔Simson Najovits, ''Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Volume 2'', (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258.〕 The Puntites were a nation of people who had close relations with Ancient Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.〔Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147〕 According to the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, the Land of Punt was ruled at that time by King Parahu and Queen Ati.〔, vol. 1.〕 Through close contacts with the adjacent Arabian Peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar ethnic groups in the region became among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress )〕 The Ifat Sultanate was a medieval kingdom in the Horn of Africa. Founded in 1285 by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in Zeila.〔J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World,'' Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, page 2663〕〔Asafa Jalata, State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements In North-east Africa page 3-4〕 Ifat established bases in Djibouti and northern Somalia, and from there expanded southward to the Ahmar Mountains. Its Sultan Umar Walashma (or his son Ali, according to another source) is recorded as having conquered the Sultanate of Shewa in 1285. Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Umar's military expedition as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn, in much the same way as Emperor Yekuno Amlak was attempting to unite the Christian territories in the highlands during the same period. These two states inevitably came into conflict over Shewa and territories further south. A lengthy war ensued, but the Muslim sultanates of the time were not strongly unified. Ifat was finally defeated by Emperor Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia in 1332, and withdrew from Shewa. From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura was called ''Obock'' and was ruled by Somali and Afar Sultans, local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to first gain a foothold in the region.〔〔〔Hugh Chisholm (ed.), ''The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information'', Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p. 383.〕 In 1894, Léonce Lagarde established a permanent French administration in the city of Djibouti and named the region French Somaliland. It lasted from 1896 until 1967, when it was renamed the ''Territoire Français des Afars et des Issas'' (TFAI) ("French Territory of the Afars and the Issas"). In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a referendum was held in Djibouti to decide whether to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans.〔Barrington, Lowell, (''After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States'' ), (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p. 115 ISBN 0472068989〕 There were also allegations of widespread vote rigging. The majority of those who had voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.〔 In 1967, a second plebiscite was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. Voting was also divided along ethnic lines, with the resident Somalis generally voting for independence, with the goal of eventual union with Somalia, and the Afars largely opting to remain associated with France.〔 However, the referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities.〔American Universities Field Staff, ''Northeast Africa series'', Volume 15, Issue 1, (American Universities Field Staff.: 1968), p. 3.〕 Shortly after the referendum was held, the former ''Côte française des Somalis'' (French Somaliland) was renamed to ''Territoire français des Afars et des Issas''.〔Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies, ''The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance'', (Praeger: 1972), p. 166.〕 In 1977, a third referendum took place. A landslide 98.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking Djibouti's independence.〔''Newsweek'', Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p. 254.〕〔(Elections in Djibouti ) African Elections Database〕 Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as the nation's first president (1977–1999).〔 During its first year, Djibouti joined the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union), the Arab League and United Nations. In 1986, the nascent republic was also among the founding members of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development regional development organization. In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to armed conflict between Djibouti's ruling People's Rally for Progress (PRP) party and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) opposition group. The impasse ended in a power sharing agreement in 2000.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Djibouti」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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