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Engelbert Dollfuss
Engelbert Dollfuss ((ドイツ語:Engelbert Dollfuß); October 4, 1892 – July 25, 1934) was an Austrian Christian Social and Patriotic Front statesman. Having served as Minister for Forests and Agriculture, he ascended to Federal Chancellor in 1932 in the midst of a crisis for the conservative government. In early 1933, he shut down parliament, banned the Austrian Nazi party and assumed dictatorial powers. Suppressing the Socialist movement in February 1934, he cemented the rule of “austrofascism” through the authoritarian ''First of May Constitution''. Dollfuss was assassinated as part of a failed coup attempt by Nazi agents in 1934. His successor Kurt Schuschnigg maintained his regime until Adolf Hitler's annexing of Austria in 1938.
==Early life==
He was born in Texing in Lower Austria to unmarried mother Josepha Dollfuss and her lover Joseph Weninger. The couple, of peasant origin, was unable to get married due to financial problems. Josepha married landowner Leopold Schmutz a few months after her son's birth, who did not, however, adopt Engelbert as his own child. Dollfuss, who was raised as a devout Roman Catholic, was shortly in seminary before deciding to study law at the University of Vienna and then economics at the University of Berlin. There he met Alwine Glienke, a German woman from a Protestant family, whom he married in 1921.〔(Wer war Engelbert Dollfuß? ) retrieved April 19, 2012〕 The couple had a son and two daughters, one of whom died in early childhood.
Dollfuss had difficulty gaining admission into the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I because he was only 153 cm (slightly over five feet) tall.〔Gudula Walterskirchen: Engelbert Dollfuß - Arbeitermörder oder Heldenkanzler. Vienna 2004.〕 He was eventually accepted and sent to the Alpine Front. He was a highly decorated soldier and was briefly taken by the Italians as a prisoner of war in 1918. After the war he worked for the agriculture ministry as secretary of the Farmers' Association and became director of the Lower Austrian Chamber of Agriculture in 1927. In 1930, as a member of the conservative Christian Social Party (CS), he was appointed president of the Federal Railway System. (One of the founders of the CS was a hero of Dollfuss's, Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang.) The following year, he was named Minister of Agriculture and Forests.
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