|
The donkey or ass (''Equus africanus asinus''),〔〔 is a domesticated member of the horse family, Equidae. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African wild ass, ''E. africanus''. The donkey has been used as a working animal for at least 5000 years. There are more than 40 million donkeys in the world, mostly in underdeveloped countries, where they are used principally as draught or pack animals. Working donkeys are often associated with those living at or below subsistence levels. Small numbers of donkeys are kept for breeding or as pets in developed countries. A male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny or jennet;〔〔〔 a young donkey is a foal.〔 Jack donkeys are often used to mate with female horses to produce mules — the biological "reciprocal" of a mule, from a stallion and jenny as its parents instead, is called a hinny. Asses were first domesticated around 3000 BC, probably in Egypt or Mesopotamia,〔〔 and have spread around the world. They continue to fill important roles in many places today. While domesticated species are increasing in numbers, the African wild ass and another relative, the onager, are endangered. As beasts of burden and companions, asses and donkeys have worked together with humans for millennia. ==Scientific and common names== Traditionally, the scientific name for the donkey is ''Equus asinus asinus'' based on the principle of priority used for scientific names of animals. However, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 2003 that if the domestic species and the wild species are considered subspecies of one another, the scientific name of the wild species has priority, even when that subspecies was described after the domestic subspecies.〔 This means that the proper scientific name for the donkey is ''Equus africanus asinus'' when it is considered a subspecies, and ''Equus asinus'' when it is considered a species. At one time, the synonym ''ass'' was the more common term for the donkey. The first recorded use of ''donkey'' was in either 1784〔 or 1785.〔〔〔 While the word ''ass'' has cognates in most other Indo-European languages, ''donkey'' is an etymologically obscure word for which no credible cognate has been identified. Hypotheses on its derivation include the following: * Perhaps from Spanish, for its don-like gravity; the donkey was also known as "the King of Spain's trumpeter"〔 * Perhaps a diminutive of ''dun'' (dull grayish-brown), a typical donkey colour.〔〔 * Perhaps from the name ''Duncan''.〔〔 * Perhaps of imitative origin.〔 From the 18th century, ''donkey'' gradually replaced ''ass'', and ''jenny'' replaced ''she-ass'', which is now considered archaic. The change may have come about through a tendency to avoid pejorative terms in speech, and be comparable to the substitution in North American English of ''rooster'' for ''cock'', or that of ''rabbit'' for ''coney'', which was formerly homophonic with ''cunny''. By the end of the 17th century, changes in pronunciation of both ''ass'' and ''arse'' had caused them to become homophones. Other words used for the ass in English from this time include ''cuddy'' in Scotland, ''neddy'' in southwest England and ''dicky'' in the southeast;〔 ''moke'' is documented in the 19th century, and may be of Welsh or Gypsy origin. In the United States, the Spanish ''burro'' is used both specifically for the feral donkeys of Arizona, California and Nevada, and, west of the Mississippi, generically for any small or standard donkey. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Donkey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|