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Doryphoros
The ''Doryphoros'' (Greek Δορυφόρος, "Spear-Bearer"; Latinised as ''Doryphorus'') of Polykleitos is one of the best known Greek sculptures of the Classical Era in Western Art, depicting a solidly-built, well-muscled standing athlete, originally bearing a spear balanced on his left shoulder. Rendered somewhat above life-size proportions, the lost bronze original of the work would have been cast ''circa'' 440 BCE,〔Warren G. Moon, ed. ''Polykleitos, the Doryphoros, and Tradition'', 1995: essays by various scholars resulting from a symposium at the University of Wisconsin, 1989, stimulated by the purchase of the Minneapolis ''Doryphoros''.〕 but it is today known only from later (mainly Roman period) marble copies. The work nonetheless forms an important early example of both Classical Greek contrapposto and Classical realism; as such, the iconic ''Doryphoros'' proved highly influential elsewhere in ancient art.
==Conception==
The renowned Greek sculptor Polykleitos designed a sculptural work as a demonstration of his written treatise, entitled the ''"Kanon"'' (or ''Canon'', translated as "measure" or "rule"), exemplifying what he considered to be the perfectly harmonious and balanced proportions of the human body in the sculpted form.
Sometime in the 2nd century CE, the Greek medical writer Galen wrote about the ''Doryphoros'' as the perfect visual expression of the Greeks' search for harmony and beauty, which is rendered in the perfectly proportioned sculpted male nude:
''Chrysippos holds beauty to consist not in the commensurability or "symmetria" (proportions ) of the constituent elements (the body ), but in the commensurability of the parts, such as that of finger to finger, and of all the fingers to the palm and wrist, and of those to the forearm, and of the forearm to the upper arm, and in fact, of everything to everything else, just as it is written in the Canon of Polyclitus. For having taught us in that work all the proportions of the body, Polyclitus supported his treatise with a work: he made a statue according to the tenets of his treatise, and called the statue, like the work, the 'Canon'.〔Galen, ''De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis'' ("On the doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato") 5.3; noted in Richard Tobin, "The Canon of Polykleitos" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 79.4 (October 1975:307-321) pp308f, with somewhat differing translation.〕
Polykleitos is known as the best sculptor of men, with the primary subjects of his works being male athletes with idealized body proportions. He was interested with the mathematical proportions of the human form, which led him to write an essay the Kanon, on the proportions of humans. The Doryphoros is an illustration of his writings in Kanon on the symmetria between the body parts. Polykleitos achieved a balance between muscular tensions and relaxation due to the chiastic principle that he relied on. “Scholars agree that Polykleitos based his calculations on a single module, perhaps the terminal section of the little finger, to determine the corresponding measurements of each body part” (MIA Doryphoros Plaque).
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