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Downshifting is a social behavior or trend in which individuals live simpler lives to escape from the rat race of obsessive materialism and to reduce the “stress, overtime, and psychological expense that may accompany it”.〔Nelson 2007, p. 141〕 It emphasizes finding an improved balance between leisure and work〔Juniu 2000, p. 69〕 and focusing life goals on personal fulfilment and building relationships instead of the all-consuming pursuit of economic success. The term refers to the act of reducing the gear of a motor vehicle while driving a manual transmission. Downshifting, as a concept, shares many characteristics with simple living, but is distinguished, as an alternative form by its focus on moderate change and concentration on an individual comfort level, a gradual approach.〔Tracey Smith, 2008〕 In the 1990s this new form of simple living began appearing in the mainstream media and has continually grown in popularity among populations living in industrial societies, especially the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia.〔Schor 1998, p. 67;〕 ==Values and motives== Slowing down the pace of life and spending time meaningfully while not spending money wastefully are principle values of downshifting. Another main tenet is enjoying leisure time in the company of others, especially loved ones, and shunning self-absorption because it resists the normality of individualism and isolation of post-modern society. The primary motivations for downshifting are gaining leisure time, escaping from work-and-spend cycle, and removing the clutter of unnecessary possessions that are accrued while existing in those societies with the highest standards of living and levels of production. The personal goals of downshifting are simple: To reach a holistic self-understanding and satisfying meaning in life.〔Levy 2005, p.176〕 Because of its personalized nature and emphasis on many minor changes rather than complete lifestyle overhaul, it attracts downshifters or participants across the socioeconomic spectrum.〔Both of Hamilton's case studies in 2003〕 An intrinsic consequence of downshifting is increased time for non-work-related activities which, combined with the diverse demographics of downshifters, cultivates higher levels of civic engagement and social interaction.〔Nelson 2007, p. 142〕 The scope of participation is limitless because all members of society, adults, children, businesses, institutions, organizations, and governments are able to downshift.〔 In practice, downshifting involves a variety of behavioral and lifestyle changes. The majority of these downshifts are voluntary choices, but natural, life course events, such as the loss of a job or birth of a child, can prompt involuntary downshifting. There is also a temporal dimension because a downshift could be either temporary or permanent.〔Schor 1998, p. 68〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Downshifting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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