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A drawbridge or draw-bridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. In some forms of English, including American English, the word ''drawbridge'' commonly refers to all types of movable bridges, such as bascule bridges, vertical-lift bridges and swing bridges, but this article concerns the narrower, more historical definition of the term. ==Castle draw-bridges== Medieval castles were usually defended by a ditch or moat, crossed by wooden bridge.〔 "The moat was crossed by means of a wooden drawbridge, hinged at its inner edge."〕 In early castles the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack, but drawbridges became very common. A typical arrangement would have the drawbridge immediately outside a gatehouse, consisting of a wooden deck with one edge hinged or pivoting at the gatehouse threshold, so that in the raised position the bridge would be flush against the gate, forming an additional barrier to entry. It would be backed by one or more portcullises and gates. Access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from machicolations above or arrow slits in flanking towers. The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a windlass in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate-passage. Only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight, so some form of bascule arrangement is normally found. The bridge may extend into the gate-passage beyond the pivot point, either over a pit into which the internal portion can swing (providing a further obstacle to attack), or in the form of counterweighted beams that drop into slots in the floor. The raising chains could themselves be attached to counterweights. In some cases, a portcullis provides the weight, as at Alnwick. By the 14th century a bascule arrangement was provided by lifting arms (called "gaffs") above and parallel to the bridge deck whose ends were linked by chains to the lifting end of the bridge; in the raised position the gaffs would fit into slots in the gatehouse wall ("rainures") which can often still be seen, as at Herstmonceux Castle. Inside the castle the gaffs were extended to bear counterweights, or might form the side-timbers of a stout gate which would be against the roof of the gate-passage when the drawbridge was down, but would close against the gate-arch as the bridge was raised.〔Bottomley, Frank, ''The Castle Explorer's Guide'', Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 ISBN 0-7182-1216-9 pp 51–52〕 In France, working drawbridges survive at a number of châteaux, including the Château du Plessis-Bourré.〔(Château du Plessis-Bourré: video of working drawbridge )〕 In England, two working drawbridges remain in regular use at Helmingham Hall, which dates from the early sixteenth century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Drawbridge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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