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Dreamtime (also ''dream time'', ''dream-time'') is a term for the animist framework also symbol system of Australian Aboriginal mythology, introduced by A. P. Elkin in 1938 and popularised by William Edward Hanley Stanner and others from the 1970s for a concept of "time out of time", or "everywhen", inhabited by ancestral figures, often of heroic proportions or with supernatural abilities, but not considered "gods" as they do not control the material world and are not worshipped.〔R. N. Bellah, "Religious Evolution" in: S. N. Eisenstadt (ed.), ''Readings in Social Evolution and Development'', Elsevier, 2013 (p. 220 ).〕 The term is based on a rendition of the indigenous (Arandic) word ''alcheringa'', used by the Aranda (Arunta, Arrernte) people of Central Australia, although it appears that it is based on a misunderstanding or mistranslation, and the word has a meaning closer to "eternal, uncreated".〔 Stanner himself noted "why the blackfellow thinks of 'dreaming' as the nearest equivalent in English is a puzzle." B. Kilborne, "On classifying dreams", in: Barbara Tedlock (ed.) ''Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations'', 1987, (p. 249 ). "eternal, uncreated": Tony Swain, '' Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 21.〕 However, "Dreamtime" and "the Dreaming" has acquired its own currency in 1980s popular culture based on idealised or fictionalised conceptions of Australian mythology. Since the 1970s, "Dreaming" and "Dream time" has also returned from academic usage via popular culture and tourism, and is now ubiquitous in the English vocabulary of indigenous Australians in a kind of "self-fulfilling academic prophecy".〔Tony Swain, '' Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 21. Stanner warned about uncritical use of the term and was aware of its semantic difficulties, while at the same time he continued using it and contributed to its popularisation, and according to Swain it is "still used uncritically in contemporary literature". 〕 == Aboriginal mythology and culture == (詳細はAltjira'' (''Alchera''), the name of a spirit or entity in the mythology of the Aranda. Related entities are known as '' Mura-mura'' by the Dieri, and as ''Tjukurpa'' in Pitjantjatjara. "Dreaming" is now also used as a term for a system of totemistic symbols, so that an indigenous Australian may "own" a specific "Dreaming", such as Kangaroo Dreaming, or Shark Dreaming, or Honey Ant Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings pertinent to their country. This is because in "Dreamtime" an individual's entire ancestry exists as one, culminating in the idea that all worldly knowledge is accumulated through one's ancestors. Many Indigenous Australians also refer to the Creation time as "The Dreaming". The Dreamtime laid down the patterns of life for the Aboriginal people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=the Dreaming )〕 Creation is believed to be the work of culture heroes who traveled across a formless land, creating sacred sites and significant places of interest in their travels. In this way, "songlines" (or ''Yiri'' in the Warlpiri language) were established, some of which could travel right across Australia, through as many as six to ten different language groupings. The dreaming and travelling trails of the Spirit Beings are the songlines. The signs of the Spirit Beings may be of spiritual essence, physical remains such as petrosomatoglyphs of body impressions or footprints, among natural and elemental simulacra. "Dreaming" existed before the life of the individual begins, and continues to exist when the life of the individual ends. Both before and after life, it is believed that this spirit-child exists in the Dreaming and is only initiated into life by being born through a mother. The spirit of the child is culturally understood to enter the developing fetus during the fifth month of pregnancy.〔Bates, Daisy (1996), ''Aboriginal Perth and Bibbulmun biographies and legends'', Hesperion Press〕 When the mother felt the child move in the womb for the first time, it was thought that this was the work of the spirit of the land in which the mother then stood. Upon birth, the child is considered to be a special custodian of that part of their country and is taught the stories and songlines of that place. As Wolf (1994: p. 14) states: "A black 'fella' may regard his totem or the place from which his spirit came as his Dreaming. He may also regard tribal law as his Dreaming." In the Wangga genre, the songs and dances express themes related to death and regeneration.〔Marett, Allan (2005). (''Songs, Dreamings, and Ghosts: the Wangga of North Australia'' ). Wesleyan University Press: Middletown, Connecticut. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8195-6618-8.〕 They are performed publicly with the singer composing from their daily lives or while Dreaming of a ''nyuidj'' (dead spirit).〔Povinelli, Elizabeth A. (2002). (''The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism'' ). Duke University Press: Durham, North Carolina. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8223-2868-1〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dreamtime」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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