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Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under a liquid.〔 It is further classified by outcome into: death, ongoing health problems and no ongoing health problems.〔 Using the term near drowning to refer to those who survive is no longer recommended.〔 It occurs more frequently in males and the young.〔 Drowning itself is quick and silent, although it may be preceded by distress which is more visible. A person drowning is unable to shout or call for help, or seek attention, as they cannot obtain enough air. The instinctive drowning response is the final set of autonomic reactions in the 20 – 60 seconds before sinking underwater, and to the untrained eye can look similar to calm safe behavior.〔 Lifeguards and other persons trained in rescue learn to recognize drowning people by watching for these movements.〔 Unintentional drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury resulting in death worldwide. In 2013 it was estimated to have resulted in 368,000 deaths down from 545,000 deaths in 1990. Of these deaths 82,000 occurred in children less than five years old.〔 It accounts for 7% of all injury related deaths (excluding those due to natural disasters), with 96% of these deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs347/en/index.html )〕 In many countries, drowning is one of the leading causes of death for children under 12 years old. For example, in the United States, it is the second leading cause of death (after motor vehicle crashes) in children 12 and younger.〔Centers for Disease Control,(Resources for TV Writers and Producers )〕 The rate of drowning in populations around the world varies widely according to their access to water, the climate and the national swimming culture. == Signs and symptoms == Drowning is most often quick and unspectacular. Its media depictions as a loud, violent struggle have much more in common with distressed non-swimmers, who may well drown but have not yet begun. In particular, an asphyxiating person is seldom able to call for help.〔Mario Vittoine, Francesco Pia: "(It Doesn’t Look Like They’re Drowning: How To Recognize the Instinctive Drowning Response )", ''On Scene'', Fall 2006, p. 14.〕 The instinctive drowning response covers many signs or behaviors associated with drowning or near-drowning: * Head low in the water, mouth at water level * Head tilted back with mouth open * Eyes glassy and empty, unable to focus * Eyes open, with fear evident on the face * Hyperventilating or gasping * Trying to swim in a particular direction but not making headway * Trying to roll over on the back to float * Uncontrollable movement of arms and legs, rarely out of the water. Pia notes that drowning begins at the point a person is unable to keep their mouth above water; inhalation of water takes place at a later stage. Most people demonstrating the instinctive drowning response do not show prior evidence of distress.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Drowning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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