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Drususstein
The ''Drususstein'' (Drusus stone) is a nearly 20 metres high masonry block of Roman origin on the grounds of the citadel of Mainz, Germany. It was originally cast in marble. Researchers now largely accept that this is the structural remnant of the cenotaph mentioned by writers like Eutropius and Suetonius,〔Eutropius ''Breviarium ab urbe condita'', 7, 12-13; Sueton: ''Claudius'', (1.3 ); (11,2 )〕 erected in 9 BC by Roman troops in honour of the deceased general Drusus,〔Jürgen Oldenstein: ''Mogontiacum''. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich und Heiko Steuer (Eds.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Band 20: Metuonis – Naturwissenschaftliche Methoden in der Archäologie. S. 147; Heinz Cüppers: ''Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz.'' p. 463; Andreas Panter: ''Der Drususstein in Mainz und dessen Einordnung in die römische Grabarchitektur seiner Erbauungszeit.'' p. 102.〕 in Mogontiacum (now Mainz) as part of the roman funerary art.
During the early days of the Principate the Drususstein was the starting point for elaborate memorial services in honour of Drusus, and the centre of the imperial cult in Mogontiacum. A procession road linked it to the public theater of Mogontiacum that had about 12,000 seats, making it the largest known theater north of the Alps. It may have hosted a part of the annual ceremonies at the day of Drusus' death, and probably also at his birthday.〔Schmid, A., Schmid, R., Möhn, A., ''Die Römer an Rhein und Main'' (Frankfurt: Societäts-Verlag, revised edition 2006).〕
After being robbed of its marble casing in the early Middle Ages, the Drususstein served as a watchtower in the fortifications of the city in the 16th century. For that purpose a staircase and doorframe were made in the structure, which had been up to that point a massive building. Besides the pillars of aqueducts and the stage of the theatre, the Drususstein is one of the few remaining visible reminders of Roman Mogontiacum. Together with the Igel Column, it is the only funerary monument north of the Alps dating from antiquity that remains in its original location.〔Heinz Cüppers: ''Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz.'', p. 463〕
==Historical background==
The Roman general Drusus, stepson of Augustus, founded the legionary camp of Mogontiacum opposite the mouth of the Main, no later than 13/12 BC. It was intended to serve as a strategic starting point for the conquest of Magna Germania.〔Marion Witteyer: ''Mogontiacum – Militärbasis und Verwaltungszentrum. Der archäologische Befund.'' In: Franz Dumont (Eds.),Ferdinand Scherf und Friedrich Schütz: ''Mainz – Die Geschichte der Stadt.'' p. 1026.〕 During the campaign in 9 BC Drusus died. His brother Tiberius and the Roman army returned his body back to Mogontiacum. Before the transfer of the body to Rome, the soldiers honoured their popular commander〔Hans G. Frenz: ''Drusus maior und sein Monument in Mainz.'' p 394. Frenz führt diese Charakterisierung auf das antike Wahrnehmungsbild des Drusus bei Velleius Paterculus 2, 97, 2-4 und Tacitus: ''Annalen'' (2,41 ); (6,51 ) zurück.〕 with a memorial ceremony. During this time the apparently spontaneous wish arose among the soldiers to erect a monument to permanently honour Drusus in Mogontiacum. Appropriate construction activities were probably already ongoing in the immediate vicinity of the legionary camp, as Augustus approved the project retroactively.〔For a detailed account: Heinz Bellen: ''Das Drususdenkmal apud Mogontiacum und die Galliarum civitas. Korrektur-Nachtrag'' p. 96 ff. und insbesondere p. 98.〕 As a special tribute to Drusus, Augustus himself wrote a grave inscription (''Elogium'') which was attached to the cenotaph. With this the building was completed, of which the remains are now known as the Drususstein.
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