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Dubitante (Latin: "doubting") is used in law reports of a judge who is doubtful about a legal proposition but hesitates to declare it wrong. E.g., "Justice X acquiesces in the Court's opinion and judgment dubitante on the question of Constitutional preemption." Some judges use this term after their names in separate opinions, as if analogous to concurring or dissenting. Doing so may signal that the judge has doubts about the soundness of the majority opinion, but not so grave as to cause him to dissent.〔(Jason J. Czarnezki, The Dubitante Opinion )〕 The late legal philosopher Lon L. Fuller said that “the opinion entered ''dubitante'' (that ) the judge is unhappy about some aspect of the decision rendered, but cannot quite bring himself to record an open dissent.”〔Lon Fuller, ''Anatomy of the Law'' 147 (1968) (quoted in ''Credit Suisse First Boston Corp. v. Grunwald'', 400 F.3d 1119, 1151 (9th Cir. 2005)).〕 Another use—doubt but lack of conviction that the majority is wrong—is illustrated in Judge Friendly's concurrence in ''Feldman v. Allegheny Airlines, Inc''.,〔524 F.2d 384, 393 (2d Cir. 1975).〕 in which he stated, “Although intuition tells me that the Supreme Court of Connecticut would not sustain the award made here, I cannot prove it. I therefore go along with the majority, although with the gravest doubts.” It is said to be used only uncommonly in the United States.〔In Jason J. Czarnezki, (''The Dubitante Opinion'' ), 39 Akron L. Rev. 1, 2 (2006), it is asserted that in the United States "the term has been used in only 626 written opinions" as of 2006. About 40 percent of these are federal court cases, 12 of which are from the U.S. Supreme Court. ''Id''. at 3.〕 Nearly half of the instances of use of the term come from four federal court of appeals judges: Frank Coffin (First Circuit); Henry J. Friendly (Second Circuit); Frank Easterbrook (Seventh Circuit); and James C. Hill (Eleventh Circuit).〔''Id''.〕 ==Examples== * ''Majors v. Abell'', 361 F.3d 349, 358 (7th Cir. 2004) (Easterbrook, J., dubitante). ::In ''Majors'', Judge Easterbrook wrote a ''dubitante'' opinion, arguing that Judge Posner's opinion ignored four controlling cases from the Supreme court protecting anonymous speech. He added: :::"Given ''McConnell'', I cannot be confident that my colleagues are wrong in thinking that five Justices will go along. But I also do not understand how that position can be reconciled with established principles of constitutional law."〔''Id''. Judge Easterbrook is one of the most frequent users of ''dubitante'' among those few judges who use the term. See ''supra'' note 4.〕 * Harvard Professor Richard Fallon believes judicial activism in areas of abortion rights could be seen as dubitante.〔http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10247/Fallon〕 * ''Loughrin v. United States'', 573 U. S. __, 134 S.Ct. 2384 (2014) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment). ::United States Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in his concurring opinion: "But I am ''dubitante'' on the point that one obtains bank property 'by means of' a fraudulent statement only if that statement is 'the mechanism naturally inducing a bank (or custodian of bank property) to part with money in its control'. . . . What the proper solution may be should in my view be left for another day." * ''Lesley v. Chie'', 250 F.3d 47, 56 n.10 (1st Cir. 2001) (“Thus, without using the burden-shifting model, we simply assume ''dubitante'' that the evidence Lesley has put forward is sufficient to require us to consider Dr. Chie’s reasons for his referral.”). * ''Reed v. Lepage Bakeries, Inc.'', 244 F.3d 254, 262 (1st Cir. 2001) (“In any event, even were we to assume ''dubitante'' that Reed adequately requested an accommodation allowing her to walk away from conflicts with supervisors, Reed was never prevented from exercising such accommodation during her June 1, 1996 meeting with Callahan.”) * ''United States v. Brady'', 168 F.3d 574, 580 (1st Cir. 1999) (“But a significant purpose to obstruct is enough, even if we assume ''dubitante'' that a pure desire not to rat would avoid the obstruction charge.”). * ''Soileau v. Guilford of Maine, Inc.'', 105 F.3d 12, 15 (1st Cir. 1997) (assuming, "'dubitante', that a colorable claim may be made that `ability to get along with others' is or may be . . . a major life activity under the ADA"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dubitante」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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