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Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov, ; (イディッシュ語:שמעון דובנאָװ), ''Shimen Dubnov''; 10 September 1860 – 8 December 1941) was a Jewish historian, writer and activist. He is the father-in-law of Henryk Erlich, a famous Bundist leader. ==Life and career== Simon Dibnow was born Shimon Meyerovich Dubnow (Шимон Меерович Дубнов) to a large poor family in the Belarusian town of Mstsislaw (Mahilyow Voblast). A native Yiddish speaker, he received a traditional Jewish education in a ''heder'' and a ''yeshiva'', where Hebrew was regularly spoken. Later Dubnow entered into a ''kazyonnoe yevreyskoe uchilishche'' (state Jewish school) where he learned Russian. In the midst of his education, the May Laws eliminated these Jewish institutions, and Dubnow was unable to graduate; Dubnow persevered, independently pursuing his interests in history, philosophy, and linguistics. He was particularly fascinated by Heinrich Graetz and the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement. In 1880 Dubnow used forged documents to move to St Petersburg, officially off-limits to Jews. Jews were generally restricted to small towns in the Pale of Settlement, unless they had been discharged from the military, were employed as doctors or dentists, or could prove they were 'cantonists', university graduates or merchants belonging to the 1st guild. Here he married Ida Friedlin.〔Koppel S. Pinson, "Simon Dubnow: Historian and Political Philosopher" at 13-69, 11, in Simon Dubnow, ''Nationalism and History'' (Philadelphia 1958), edited by Pinson. In 1885 at Mstislavl, Belarus, their first child a daughter Sophia, was born.〕 Soon after moving to St. Petersburg Dubnow's publications appeared in the press, including the leading Russian–Jewish magazine ''Voskhod''. In 1890, the Jewish population was expelled from the capital city, and Dubnow too was forced to leave. He settled in Odessa and continued to publish studies of Jewish life and history, coming to be regarded as an authority in these areas. Throughout his active participation in the contemporary social and political life of the Russian Empire, Dubnow called for modernizing Jewish education, organizing Jewish self-defense against pogroms, and demanding equal rights for Russian Jews, including the right to vote. Living in Vilna, Lithuania, during the early months of 1905 Russian Revolution, he became active in organizing a Jewish political response to opportunities arising from the new civil rights which were being promised. In this effort he worked with a variety of Jewish opinion, e.g., those favouring diaspora autonomy, Zionism, socialism, and assimilation.〔Dubnow, "Jewish Rights between Red and Black" at 461-470, 462-464, in Lucy S. Davidowicz, editor, ''The Golden Tradition. Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe'' (Boston: Beacon Press 1967).Cf., Ezra Mendelsohn, ''Zionism in Poland'' (Yale University 1981) at 32-33.〕 In 1906 he was allowed back into St Petersburg, where he founded and directed the Jewish Literature and Historical-Ethnographic Society and edited the ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. In the same year, he founded the Folkspartei (Jewish People's Party) with Israel Efrojkin, which successfully worked for the election of MPs and municipal councilors in interwar Lithuania and Poland. After 1917 Dubnow became a Professor of Jewish history at Petrograd University. He welcomed the first February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, which brought the long anticipated liberation of the Jewish people. Yet he felt uneasy about the increasing profile of Lenin. Dubnow did not consider such Bolsheviks as Trotsky (Bronstein) to be Jewish. "They appear under Russian pseudonyms, because they are ashamed of their Jewish origins (Trotsky, Zinoviev, others). But it would be better to say that their Jewish names are pseudonyms; they are not rooted in our people."〔Dubnow, Speech given June 9, 1917, at St. Petersburg, redacted by his daughter Sophie Dubnow-Erlich, (of Dubnow (in Russian) ) (New York 1950); Yiddish translation, ''Dos Lebn un shafn fun Shimen Dubnov'' (Mexico City 1952) at 212-213; passage from this Speech quoted by Pinson, "Simon Dubnow" at 13-69, 26, in Dubnow, ''Nationalism and History'' (1958).〕〔Dubnow's three volume ''History of the Jews in Russia and Poland'' (Philadelphia 1916-1920) does not cover either the February or the October Revolutions of 1917 in Russia. His narrative ceases on the eve of World War I.〕 In 1922 he emigrated to Kaunas, Lithuania, and later to Berlin. His magnum opus was the ten volume ''World History of the Jewish people'', first published in German translation in 1925-1929. "With this work Dubnow took over the mantle of Jewish national historian from Graetz. Dubnow's ''Weltgeschicht'' may in truth be called the first secular and purely scholarly synthesis of the entire course of Jewish history, free from dogmatic and theological trappings, balanced in its evaluation of the various epochs and regional groupings of Jewish historical development, fully cognizant of social and economic currents and influences... ."〔Pinson, "Simon Dubnow" at 13-69, 30, in Simon Dubnow, ''Nationalism and History'' (1958).〕 During 1927 Dubnow initiated a search in Poland for ''pinkeysim'' (record books kept by Kehillot and other local Jewish groups) on behalf of the ''Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut'' (YIVO, Jewish Scientific Institute), while he was Chairman of its Historical Section. This spadework for the historian netted several hundred writings; one ''pinkes'' dated to 1601, that of the Kehillah of Opatów.〔Lucjan Dobroszycki, "YIVO in Interwar Poland: Work in the Historical Sciences" at 494-518, 503-504, 512-513, in Gutman, Mendelsohn, Reinharz, Shmeruk, editors, ''The Jews of Poland between Two World Wars'' (Brandeis University 1989). Later YIVO's Historical Section published a volume in Yiddish devoted to Dubnow, edited by Elias Tcherikower et al., ''Simon Dubnov lekoved zayn finf um zibetsikstn yoyvl'' (Vilna 1937). Dobroszycki (1989) at 515 note.〕 In August 1933, after Hitler came to power, Dubnow moved to Riga, Latvia. There his wife died, yet he continued his activities, also writing his autobiography ''Book of My Life''. On the initiative of a Latvian Jewish refugee activist in Stockholm and with help from the local Jewish community in Sweden, Dubnow was granted a visa to Sweden in the summer of 1940 but for unknown reasons he never used it.〔(Rudberg, Pontus, "‘A Record of Infamy’: the use and abuse of the image of the Swedish Jewish response to the Holocaust" ), Scandinavian Journal of History, Volume 36, Issue 5, Special Issue: The Histories and Memories of the Holocaust in Scandinavia (2011), p.546.〕 Then in July 1941 Nazi troops occupied Riga. Dubnow was evicted, losing his entire library. With thousands of Jews he was transferred to the Riga ghetto. According to the few remaining survivors, Dubnow repeated to ghetto inhabitants: ''Yidn, shraybt un farshraybt'' ((イディッシュ語:"Jews), write and record"). He was among thousands of Jews to be rounded up there for the Rumbula massacre. Too sick to travel to the forest, he was executed in the city on 8 December 1941. Several friends then buried Simon Dubnow in the old cemetery of the Riga ghetto.〔Pinson, "Simon Dubnow" at 13-69, 34-39, in Simon Dubnow, ''Nationalism and History'' (1958).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simon Dubnow」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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