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The Duchers ((ロシア語:дючеры) or дучеры) was the Russian name of the people populating the shores of the middle course of the Amur River, approximately from the mouth of the Zeya down to the mouth of the Ussury, and possibly even somewhat further downstream.〔(Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ ) (Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land) 〕 Their ethnic identity is not known with certainty, but it is usually assumed that they were a Tungusic people, related to the Jurchens and/or the Nanais. The name of this ethnic group is sometimes also written in English as "Jucher". == Life of the Duchers == The total number of Duchers (including other related Manchu groups, but not the Daurs or Evenks) of the Amur Valley at the time of the appearance of the Russian explorers in the region ca. 1650 has been estimated by modern scholars at 14,000.〔 According to the Russian explorers of the time, the Duchers, as well as the related groups, the Goguls, and their north-western neighbors, the Daurs, were agriculturalists. They grew rye, wheat, barley, millet, oats, peas, and hemp, as well as a number of vegetables. The Duchers had horses and cattle; pigs were a particularly important source of meat. They did some hunting and fishing as well.〔 According to the 17th-century Cossacks' reports, the Duchers lived in fortified villages ((ロシア語:городок)) with 60 and more houses in each. 〔 А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov) (К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян» ) (Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the Nanai word "гасян" (''gasyan'')) 〕 〔The Cossack reports describe houses as ''yurt'' (юрта), but it appears from the text of other reports from the same era and region that the ''yurt'' may have refer to a variety of housing styles, and not only to the "yurt" in the modern sense.〕 The predecessor of the Qing fortress Aigun (which was originally located on the left - now Russian - bank of the Amur, opposite to its later location) was a Ducher town, currently known to the archaeologists as the Grodekovo site (Гродековское городище), after the nearby village of Grodekovo.〔 It is located south of the city of Blagoveshchensk and the fall of the Zeya into the Amur. Yerofey Khabarov reported the existence of this town (which he called Aytyun (Айтюн)) to the Yakutsk voivode D. Frantsbekov in 1652.〔 According to the archaeologists, this fortress was first built around the end of the first or beginning of the second millennium CE.〔 The "tribute" of furs, grain, and livestock, collected (or looted, as the case may be) by the Cossacks from the Daurs and the Duchers was the main economic benefit derived by the Russians from their expansion in the region in the early 1650s, and, in order to deny it to them, the Qing government starting in 1654 resettled the Ducher farmers from the Amur valley to the Sungari and Hurka Rivers further south. The Daurs were resettled (to the Nenjiang River Valley) as well.〔 When Onufriy Stepanov visited the lower Sungari in 1656, he found the Ducher villages deserted.〔E.G. Ravenstein, ''The Russians on the Amur''. London, 1861. (Full text ) can be found on Google Book. Pages 31-32.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Duchers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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