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The Russian nobility ((ロシア語:Дворянство) ''Dvoryanstva'') arose in the 14th century and made up most of the Russian government until the February Revolution of 1917. The Russian word for nobility, ''Dvoryanstva'' (дворянство), derives from the Russian word ''dvor'' (двор), meaning the Court of a prince or duke (''kniaz'') and later, of the tsar. A nobleman is called ''dvoryanin'' (pl. ''dvoryane'') and shares with other countries that nobility connotes a status or a social category rather than a title. ==Categories== Nobility was transferred by inheritance or was bestowed by a fount of honour. * Ancient nobility—which the descendants of Rurik and Gediminas and boyars inherited: ''e.g.,'' the Shuyskies, Galitzins, Naryshkins, Khilkoffs, Gorchakovs, Belosselsky-Belozerskys and Chelyadnins. * Titled nobility—there were three titles: * * Prince (''knyaz'' Князь): ''e.g.,'' Prince Potemkin or Prince Felix Yusupov * * Count (''graf'' Граф): ''e.g.,'' Count Tolstoy * * Baron (''baron'' Барон): ''e.g.,'' Baron Pahlen * Hereditary nobility: routinely inherited by heirs * Personal nobility: granted for the personal merits of the recipient. * Estateless nobility: was obtained without the allotment and securing of a landed estate. Unlike the ancient nobility, which was exclusively hereditary, the remaining classes of nobility could be acquired. A newly designated noble was usually entitled to landownership. A loss of land did not automatically mean loss of nobility. In later Imperial Russia, higher ranks of state service (see Table of Ranks) were automatically granted nobility, not necessarily associated with landownership. Titled nobility (титулованное дворянство) was the highest category: those who had titles such as prince, count and baron. The latter two titles were introduced by Peter the Great. A baron or count could be either proprietary (actual) ( владетельный (действительный))—''i.e.,'' who owned land in the Russian Empire—or titular (титулярный), ''i.e.,'' only endowed with the title. Hereditary nobility (потомственное дворянство) was transferred to wife, children, and further direct legal descendants along the male line. In exceptional cases, the emperor could transfer nobility along indirect or female lines, ''e.g.,'' to preserve a notable family name. Personal nobility (личное дворянство) was transferable only to the wife and was of much lower prestige. Estateless nobility (беспоместное дворянство) was nobility gained by state service, but which was not entitled to land estate. In addition, the ancient nobility (Древнее дворянство) was recognized, descendants of historical boyars and knyazes. Russian did not employ a nobiliary particle (as ''von'' in German or ''de'' in French) before a surname, but Russian noblemen were accorded an official salutation that varied by their ranks: ''your high born'' (ваше высокородие), ''your high well born'' (ваше высокоблагородие), ''your well born'' (ваше благородие), etc. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian nobility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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