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Dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation.〔 It usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea.〔 In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem. In older women it is more often due to an underlying issues such as uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, or endometriosis. It is more common among those with heavy periods, irregular periods, whose periods started before twelve years of age, or who have a low body weight.〔 A pelvic exam in those who are sexually active and ultrasound may be useful to help in diagnosis. Conditions that should be ruled out include ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, interstitial cystitis, and chronic pelvic pain.〔 Dysmenorrhea occurs less often in those who exercise regularly and those who have children early in life.〔 Treatment may include the use of a heating pad.〔 Medications that may help include NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, hormonal birth control, and the IUD with progestogen.〔 Taking vitamin B or magnesium may help.〔 Evidence for yoga, acupuncture, and massage is insufficient.〔 Surgery may be useful if certain underlying problems are present.〔 Dysmenorrhea is estimated to occur in 20% to 90% of women of reproductive age.〔 It is the most common menstrual disorder.〔 Typically it starts within a year of the first menstrual period.〔 When there is no underlying cause often the pain improves with age or following having a child.〔 ==Signs and symptoms== The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain concentrated in the lower abdomen or pelvis.〔 It is also commonly felt in the right or left side of the abdomen. It may radiate to the thighs and lower back.〔 Symptoms often co-occurring with menstrual pain include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, headache, dizziness, disorientation, hypersensitivity to sound, light, smell and touch, fainting, and fatigue. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea often begin immediately following ovulation and can last until the end of menstruation. This is because dysmenorrhea is often associated with changes in hormonal levels in the body that occur with ovulation. The use of certain types of birth control pills can prevent the symptoms of dysmenorrhea, because they stop ovulation from occurring. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dysmenorrhea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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