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Déjanire
''Déjanire'' is an opera (tragédie lyrique) in 4 acts composed by Camille Saint-Saëns to a libretto in French by Louis Gallet and Camille Saint-Saëns. The last of Saint-Saëns' operas, it premiered on 14 March 1911 at the Théâtre de Monte-Carlo. One of the opera's central characters, Hercule (Hercules), had been the subject of two earlier symphonic poems by Saint-Saëns – ''Le Rouet d'Omphale'' (1872) and ''La Jeunesse d'Hercule'' (1877). The story is based on ''The Trachiniae'' by Sophocles (also the source for Handel's opera ''Hercules'').〔
==Composition history==
''Déjanire'' began its life in 1898 as a play with accompanying symphonic music, choruses and a ballet.〔Hugh Macdonald: "Déjanire ", ''Grove Music Online'' ed. L. Macy (Accessed 2 March 2009), ((subscription access) )〕 Fernand Castelbon de Beauxhostes, one of the owners of a newly constructed arena in Béziers (used primarily for staging bullfights), wanted to make Béziers a centre for the performance of open-air opera as well. He persuaded Saint-Saëns to write the score for a performance of Louis Gallet's epic verse-drama ''Déjanire'' to inaugurate the project. At first Saint-Saëns was reluctant to have his music performed in what he called an "abominable temple of blood".〔Original French: "le temple abominable du sang", quoted in Molénat (10 August 2000)〕 However, Castelbon managed to convince him by inviting him to visit the arena where his arrival was greeted by hidden musicians playing in his honour. In August 1898 ''Déjanire'' opened in Béziers with two performances before 12,000 spectators each time.〔Festival de Radio France et Montpellier〕 The reception was ecstatic with Saint-Saëns conducting a huge musical ensemble consisting of a choir of hundreds, massed military bands and an orchestra that included 18 harps and an array of 25 trumpets.〔Rees (22 February 1999)〕 Although fatally ill and suffering from deafness, Louis Gallet managed to attend the second performance. In his memoirs Saint-Saëns recalled:
"In spite of everything, including his ill health which made the trip very painful, he wanted to see his work once more. He heard nothing, however – neither the artists, the choruses, nor even the applause of the several thousand spectators who encored it enthusiastically. A little later he passed on, leaving in his friends' hearts and at the work-tables of his collaborators a void which it is impossible to fill."〔Saint-Saëns (1919)〕
Twelve years later, Saint-Saëns transformed Gallet's play into a fully-fledged opera to fulfill a commission from the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. Gabriel Fauré was in the audience for its world premiere on 14 March 1911, conducted by Léon Jehin and directed by Raoul Gunsbourg.〔Casaglia〕
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