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Dʿmt (South Arabian alphabet: ; Unvocalized Ge'ez: ደዐመተ, ''DʿMT'' theoretically vocalized as ዳዓማት ''Daʿamat''〔L'Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel: actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 24-27 juin 1987; page 264〕 or ዳዕማት Daʿəmat〔Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C; page 174〕) was a kingdom located in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia that existed during the 10th to 5th centuries BC. Few inscriptions by or about this kingdom survive and very little archaeological work has taken place. As a result, it is not known whether Dʿmt ended as a civilization before Aksum's early stages, evolved into the Aksumite state, or was one of the smaller states united in the Aksumite kingdom possibly around the beginning of the 1st century.〔Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 185.〕 ==History== Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of Dʿmt may have been present day Yeha, in Tigray, Ethiopia. The kingdom developed irrigation schemes, used plows, grew millet, and made iron tools and weapons. Some modern historians including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Cain Felder, and Ephraim Isaac consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the Red Sea, while others like Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekle-Tsadik Mekouria, and Stanley Burstein have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.〔Stuart Munro-Hay, ''Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity''. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, p. 57.〕〔Nadia Durrani, ''The Tihamah Coastal Plain of South-West Arabia in its Regional context c. 6000 BC - AD 600 (Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 4) ''. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005, p. 121.〕 The most recent research, however, shows that Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in ancient times, is not derived from Sabaean.〔Kitchen, Andrew, Christopher Ehret, et al. 2009. "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 no. 1665 (June 22)〕 There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.〔〔Herausgegeben von Uhlig, Siegbert. ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, pp. 732.〕 It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.〔Munro-Hay, ''Aksum'', p. 57.〕〔Phillipson. "''The First Millennium BC in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia and South–Central Eritrea: A Reassessment of Cultural and Political Development". African Archaeological Review'' (2009) 26:257–274〕 After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom. The ancestor of medieval and modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, Aksum was able to reunite the area.〔Pankhurst, Richard K.P. ''Addis Tribune'', "(Let's Look Across the Red Sea I )", January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dʿmt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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