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In human genetics, Y Haplogroup E-M215, also referred to in the literature by other names such as E1b1b and E3b (see further discussion below), is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a division of the macro haplogroup E-M96, which is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215. In other words it is one of the major paternal lines of humanity, linking from father-to-son back to a common male-line ancestor. It is a subject of discussion and study in genetics as well as genetic genealogy, archaeology, and historical linguistics. E-M215 has two ancient branches that contain all known modern E-M215 men, E-M35 and E-M281. Of these two, the only branch that has been confirmed in a native population outside of Ethiopia is E-M35, which in turn has two known branches, E-V68, E-Z827 which contain by far the majority of all modern E-M215 men. E-V68 and E-V257 have been found in highest numbers in North Africa and the Horn of Africa; but also in lower numbers in parts of the Middle East and Europe, and in isolated populations of Southern Africa. ==Origins== The origins of E-M215 were dated by Cruciani in 2007 to about 22,400 years ago in the Horn of Africa.〔 For E-M215 reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in , re-calibrating the same data.〕 E-M35 was dated by Batini in 2015 to between 15,400 and 20,500 years ago.〔(Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing ), Chiara Batini et al, ''nature.com'', 2015〕 In June 2015, Trombetta et al. reported a previously unappreciated large difference in the age between haplogroup E-M215 (38.6 kya; 95% CI 31.4-45.9 kya) and its sub-haplogroup E-M35 (25.0 kya; 95% CI 20.0-30.0 kya).〔Trombetta et al. 2015, (Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent )〕 All major sub-branches of E-M35 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, or nearby areas of the Near East. Some branches of E-M35 left Africa many thousands of years ago. For example estimated that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. More recently, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7,000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup. Two more E-M78 have been found in the Neolitich Sopot and Lengyel cultures too. Nevertheless, E-M35 likely represents more recent movements of people out of Africa than haplogroup CT, which otherwise dominates human populations outside Africa. , for example, believes that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 subclades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the Neolithic agricultural expansion". Concerning European E-M35 within this scheme, have remarked that E-M215 seems to represent a late-Pleistocene migration from North Africa to Europe over the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.〔"Y chromosome data show a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe via Sinai as evidenced through the distribution of haplogroup E3b lineages, which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions."〕 While this proposal remains uncontested, it has more recently been proposed by that there is also evidence for additional migration of E-M215 carrying men directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, via a maritime route (see below.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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