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EVcort
EVcort The EVcort was an experimental electric car produced from 1981 to 1994 by Electric Vehicle Associates of Cleveland OH and later by Soleq Corp. of Chicago IL.〔J. E. Francfort, R. R. Bassett, S. Briasco, W. Culliton, E. F. Duffy, R. A. Emmert, J. R. Hague. R. Hobbs, B. Graziano, I. J. Kakwan, S. Neal, L. Stefanakos and T. G. Ware: ''Site Operator Program Final Report for Fiscal Years 1992 through 1996'' Lockheed Idaho Technologies Co., Idaho Falls, ID (United States), 1998〕 It consisted of a stock body and transmission from the Ford Escort, refitted with an electric propulsion system, every component of which was engineered and manufactured specifically for the car. It incorporated features such as regenerative braking and a multistep charging algorithm, that are common on modern electric vehicles but were quite innovative at the time. The intent was to produce a practical alternative-fueled vehicle with performance comparable to gasoline-powered cars, but like many electric vehicles of that era, the EVcort proved far too expensive to be commercially viable. Nevertheless, the it was used extensively by a variety of institutions for electric vehicle demonstration and testing programs.〔
== Electric Drive Train ==
The distinguishing feature of the EVcort was the use of sophisticated electronics to extract maximum efficiency from the lead-acid battery pack. All of the electronic components: controller, charger, DC/DC converter and DC/AC inverter, were designed specifically for the EVcort by Shunjiro Ohba, a PhD. electrical engineer at Soleq. The car was built under his supervision using engineless Escorts obtained directly from Ford Motor Company. Unlike other direct current (DC)-based electric vehicles of the period, which used series-wound motors, the EVcort used a separately excited (SepEx) traction motor that was built to order for the car by General Electric. This configuration allowed the inclusion of regenerative braking to maximize driving range, but required a particularly complex controller to regulate the armature and field independently.〔D.R. Neill and Z. Guo: EV, EB and remote power—NiMH is the battery of choice. ''Renewable Energy'' 3: 239-243, 1993 〕 The controller was the size of a suitcase and incorporated over 300 transistors. The power circuit for the armature used 120 bipolar transistors wired in parallel, giving a maximum 400 amps or 40 kWatts of traction, with another 60 bipolar transistors for regenerative braking of up to 200 amps. By automatically weakening the field current in response to armature current at high RPM, the controller maintained high motor torque over a wide range of motor speeds, allowing the car to accelerate from a standing start to 45 mph without shifting gears.〔S. Ohba: "DC Machine Control Circuit" Patent 4,322,667, United States Patent Office, 1982, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4322667.pdf〕 It operated at a relatively low pulse-width modulation (PWM) frequency of 800 Hz, thus requiring large capacitors and chokes to filter the ripple. The traction pack consisted of eighteen 6‑volt lead-acid batteries for a total of 108 volts. Initially, standard flooded golf cart batteries were used, replaced in later models by Sonnenshein gel cells. The EVcort was a highway-capable vehicle with a top speed of approximately 70 mph.〔Soleq Corporation: "1992-1994 Soleq EVcort Owners Manual" Soleq Corporation, 1992〕
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