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Ebionites, or ''Ebionaioi'' (Greek: ; derived from Hebrew אביונים ''ebyonim,'' ''ebionim'', meaning "the poor" or "poor ones"), is a patristic term referring to a Jewish Christian movement that existed during the early centuries of the Christian Era.〔.〕 They regarded Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah while rejecting his divinity〔.〕 and insisted on the necessity of following Jewish law and rites.〔.〕 The ''Ebionites'' used only one of the Jewish Gospels, revered James the Just, and rejected Paul the Apostle as an apostate from the Law.〔, (an abridgement )〕 Their name suggests that they placed a special value on voluntary poverty. Ebionim was one of the terms used by the sect at Qumran that sought to separate themselves from the corruption of the Temple, whom many believe were Essenes.〔Eisenman, Robert (2002), "James, the Brother of Jesus" (Watkins)〕 Since historical records by the Ebionites are scarce, fragmentary, and disputed, much of what is known or conjectured about the Ebionites derives from the Church Fathers, who wrote polemics against the Ebionites, whom they deemed heretical Judaizers.〔Church Fathers on the Ebionites (Wikisource).〕 Consequently, very little about the Ebionite sect or sects is known with certainty, and most, if not all, statements about them are conjectural. At least one scholar distinguishes the Ebionites from other Jewish Christian groups, e.g., the Nazarenes;〔 other scholars—and the Church Fathers from the first centuries after Christ, themselves—consider the Ebionites identical with the Nazarenes.〔Jeffrey Butz, ''The Secret Legacy of Jesus'', ISBN 978-1-59477-307-5, "In fact, the Ebionites and the Nazarenes are one and the same." pg 124; "Following the devastation of the Jewish War, the Nazarenes took refuge in Pella, a community in exile, where they lay in anxious wait with their fellow Jews. From this point on it is preferable to call them the Ebionites. There was no clear demarcation or formal transition from Nazarene to Ebionite; there was no sudden change of theology or Christology.", pg 137; "While the writings of later church fathers speak of Nazarenes and Ebionites as if they were different Jewish Christian groups, they are mistaken in that assessment. The Nazarenes and the Ebionites were one and the same group, but for clarity we will refer to the pre-70 group in Jerusalem as Nazarenes, and the post-70 group in Pella and elsewhere as Ebionites.", pg 137;〕 ==Name== The term ''Ebionites'' derives from the common adjective for "poor" in Hebrew (singular: אֶבְיוֹן ''ev·yōn'', plural: אביונים ''ev·yōn·im''),〔Online Gesenius' (entry in Hebrew Lexicon, with link to 61 Hebrew Bible uses )〕〔〔The word is still in use in that sense in contemporary Israeli Hebrew〕 which occurs fifteen times in the Psalms and was the self-given term of some pious Jewish circles (e.g. Psalm 69:33 ("For the LORD heareth the poor") and 1 QpHab XII, 3.6.10).〔 The term "Ebionim" was also a self description given by the people who were living in Qumran, as shown in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The term "the poor" was at first a common designation for all Christians - a reference to their material and voluntary poverty.〔〔Minucius Felix, ''Octavius, 36'': "That we are called the poor is not our disgrace, but our glory."〕〔The Greek equivalent (Greek: )'' ptōkhoí'' appears in the New Testament ((Romans 15, 26 ); (Galatians 2,10 )), possibly as an honorary title of the Jerusalem Church.〕 The graecized Hebrew term "Ebionite" (''Ebionai'') was first applied by Irenaeus in the 2nd century without making mention of Nazarenes (c.180 CE).〔Antti Marjanen, Petri Luomanen "A companion to second-century Christian "heretics" p250 "It is interesting to note that the Ebionites first appear in the catalogues in the latter half of the second century. The earliest reference to the Ebionites was included in a catalogue used by Irenaeus in his Refutation and Subversion ..."〕〔Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2000 p364 "EBIONITES Name for Jewish Christians first witnessed in Irenaeus (Adv. haer. 1.26.2; Gk. ebionaioi) ca. 180 ce"〕 Origen wrote "for Ebion signifies 'poor' among the Jews, and those Jews who have received Jesus as Christ are called by the name of Ebionites."〔Origen, Contra Celsum, II, 1.〕〔(ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second | Christian Classics Ethereal Library )〕 Tertullian was the first to write against a heresiarch called Ebion; scholars believe he derived this name from a literal reading of ''Ebionaioi'' as "followers of Ebion", a derivation now considered mistaken for lack of any more substantial references to such a figure.〔〔 The term "the poor" (Greek ''ptōkhoí'') was still used in its original, more general sense.〔〔 Modern Hebrew still uses the Biblical Hebrew term "the needy" both in histories of Christianity for "Ebionites" (אביונים) and for almsgiving to the needy at Purim.〔''The Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary'' 9780198601722.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ebionites」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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