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Eco-efficiency
Over the years, as countries and regions around the world began to develop, it slowly became evident that industrialization and economic growth come hand in hand with environmental degradation.〔(G., & Mansanobu, I. (2007). Quantified eco-efficiency: An introduction with applications. (Vol. 22). Springer London. )〕 Eco-Efficiency has been proposed as one of the main tools to promote a transformation from unsustainable development to one of sustainable development.〔(, Y. (2013). Eco-efficiency trends in china, 1978-2010:decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth. Ecological Indicators, 24, 177-184. )〕 It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution. “It is measured as the ratio between the (added) value of what has been produced (e.g. GDP) and the (added) environment impacts of the product or service (e.g. S02 emissions).” 〔 The term was coined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in its 1992 publication “Changing Course,” and at the 1992 Earth Summit, eco-efficiency was endorsed as a new business concept and means for companies to implement Agenda 21 in the private sector.〔(Secretariat. (2002). Indicators to measure decoupling of environmental pressure from economic growth. Sustainable development, Retrieved from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/84838188/oecd_decoupling )〕 Ergo the term has become synonymous with a management philosophy geared towards sustainability, combing ecological and economic efficiency.〔
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==History==
Although eco-efficiency is a rather new method, the idea is not. In the early 1970s Paul R. Ehrlich and John Holdren developed the lettering formula I = PAT to describe the impact of human activity on the environment.〔(Ehrenfeld, J. R. (2005). Eco-efficiency: Philosophy, theory and tools. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(4), 6-8. )〕 Furthermore the concept of eco-efficiency was first described by Schaltegger and Sturm in 1989, but it wasn’t until 1992, when the term was formally coined and widely publicized by Schmidheiny in ‘’Changing Course’’.〔 Stephan Schmidheiny set out “to change the perception of industry as being part of the problem of environmental degradation to the reality of its becoming part—a key part—of the solution for sustainability and global development.” 〔(Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2000, August). Eco-efficiency: Creating more with less. Retrieved from http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/eco_efficiency_creating_more_value.pdf )〕 The major drivers in the early phase of eco-efficiency’s development were the “forward-looking managers and thinkers in 3M and Dow.”〔 It was their involvement which catapulted eco-efficiency from a brilliant idea to a workable concept. The results of the WBCSD’s work creating the “linkage between environmental performance and the bottom line was published in 1997 in its report Environmental Performance and Shareholder Value.” 〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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