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An ecomuseum is a museum focused on the identity of a place, largely based on local participation and aiming to enhance the welfare and development of local communities. Ecomuseums originated in France, the concept being developed by Georges Henri Rivière and Hugues de Varine, who coined the term ‘ecomusée’ in 1971.〔Marie-Odile de Bary, André Desvalles, Françoise Wasserman (editors), 1994, ''Vagues: une anthologie de la nouvelle muséologie'', Mâcon; Savigny-le Temple (77), Editions W ; M.N.E.S.〕 The term "éco" is a shortened form for "écologie", but it refers especially to a new idea of holistic interpretation of cultural heritage, in opposition to the focus on specific items and objects, performed by traditional museums.〔Peter Davis, 1999, ''Ecomuseums: a sense of place'', Leicester University Press.〕 There are presently about 300 operating ecomuseums in the world; about 200 are in Europe, mainly in France, Italy, Spain, and Poland.〔For an up-to-date directory of websites on this subject, see Clémence Perrier-Latour, 2005, (Web links and bibliography on ecomuseums ), ''ICOM News'', n. 3/2005.〕 == Development == Introduced by the French museologist Hugues de Varine in 1971, the word ''ecomuseum'' has often been misused and the definition of an ecomuseum is still a controversial matter for contemporary museology.〔Andrea Hauenschild, 1998, (Claims and reality of new museology : case studies in Canada, the United States and Mexico ), Washington, D.C.: Center for Museum Studies, Smithsonian Institution.〕 Many museologists sought to define the distinctive features of ecomuseums, listing their characteristics.〔For a synthetic view on ecomuseum definitions, see: Gerard Corsane, Peter Davis, Sarah Elliott, Maurizio Maggi, Donatella Murtas & Sally Rogers, ''(Ecomuseum Evaluation: Experiences in Piemonte and Liguria, Italy )'', International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2, March 2007, pp. 101–116.〕 Following a complexity approach, in recent definitions, ecomuseums are more properly defined by ''what they do'' rather than by ''what they are''.〔See Coveney Peter and Roger Highfield,1995, ''Frontiers of Complexity'', Faber & Faber, New York-London, (p. 17) on the difference between ''form'' and ''matter'' in complex evaluation and Gerard Corsane, Peter Davis, Sarah Elliott, Maurizio Maggi, Donatella Murtas & Sally Rogers, ''(Ecomuseum Performance in Piemonte and Liguria, Italy: The Significance of Capital )'', International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3, May 2007, pp. 224–239 for an applied example〕 The ecomuseum phenomenon has grown dramatically over the years, with no one ecomuseum model but rather an entire philosophy that has been adapted and molded for use in a variety of situations. As many more ecomuseums are established across the world the idea has been growing and the changes in the approach towards the philosophy are reflected in the reactions of the communities involved. In recent time particular significance is the rise in ecomuseology in India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia, with significant increase in Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic and Turkey. Ecomuseums are an important medium through which a community can take control of its heritage and enable new approaches to make meaning out of conserving its local distinctiveness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ecomuseum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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