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An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, mathematical finance and mathematical economics. A generally accepted interpretation in academia is that an economist is one who has attained a Ph.D. in economics, teaches economic science, and has published literature in a field of economics. ==In academia== The professionalization of economics, reflected in academia, has been described as "the main change in economics since around 1900."〔O. Ashenfelter (2001), "Economics: Overview", The Profession of Economics, ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', v. 6, p. 4159.〕 Economists debate the path they believe their profession should take. It is, primarily, a debate between a scholastic orientation, focused on mathematical techniques, and a public discourse orientation, which is more focused on communicating to lay people pertinent economic principles as they relate to public policy. Surveys among economists indicate a preference for a shift toward the latter. However, these preferences expressed in private often differ with what is actually acted out in the public eye.〔Davis, William L. "Preference Falsification in the Economics Profession" (August 2004). ()〕 Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where academic degrees are awarded in economics. However, many prominent economists come from a background in mathematics, business, political science, law, sociology, or history. Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years.〔Siegried JF, Stock WA. (2001). (So You Want to Earn a Ph.D. in Economics: How Long Do You Think it Will Take? ). ''Journal of Human Resources''.〕 The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, established by Sveriges Riksbank in 1968, is a prize awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics. The prize winners are announced in October every year. They receive their awards (a prize amount, a gold medal and a diploma) on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Nobel Prize )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economist」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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