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The Ecopass program was a traffic pollution charge implemented in Milan, Italy, as an urban toll for some motorists traveling within a designated traffic restricted zone or ZTL ((イタリア語:Zone a Traffico Limitato)), corresponding to the central ''Cerchia dei Bastioni'' area and encircling around . The Ecopass was implemented as a one-year trial program on January 2, 2008, and later extended until December 31, 2009.〔 A public consultation was planned to be conducted early in 2009 to decide if the charge becomes permanent.〔 ''The complete pricing scheme is presented in this article''.〕 Subsequently, the current charge-scheme was prolonged until December 31, 2011〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Official Ecopass page ) ''Official Ecopass page''〕 and starting from January 16, 2012 a new scheme (called Area C) was introduced, actually converting it from a pollution-charge to a conventional congestion charge.〔 The primary purpose of the program was to reduce traffic and air pollution (it was based on a fee structure according to the vehicle's engine emission standards) and to use the funds raised through the charge to finance public transportation projects, cycle paths and green vehicles.〔〔 This program was similar to the congestion pricing programs implemented in London and Stockholm, but actually corresponded to a variation of these pricing schemes〔〔〔 as only vehicles with high-polluting engines entering the ZTL were charged, and the ones with older most polluting engines were banned.〔〔 ==Background== Milan has one of the highest European rates of car ownership, as more than half of Milan citizens use private cars and motorcycles, ranking second only after Rome,〔 and among the highest in the world.〔 The city also has the third-highest concentration of airborne particulate matter among large European cities, both in terms of average annual level and days of exceeding the European Union PM10 limit of 50 micrograms per cubic meter, according to a 2007 study supported by several environmental groups.〔 Due to its lingering air pollution problems and associated health problems, in 2007, and for a trial period, the city banned 170,000 older cars and motorcycles that do not pass strict environmental emission standards.〔 In January 2008 the mayor of Milan, Letizia Moratti and her deputy for mobility and environment Edoardo Croci, launched the Ecopass program 〔http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/gennaio/03/Moratti_buon_avvio_Unione_sara_co_7_080103172.shtml〕 expecting a 30% cut in pollution levels and a 10% reduction in traffic.〔〔 She said that it was part of a wider project to reduce smog in the Lombardy region and increase the use of public transportation. The mayor forecast that the scheme would raise € 24 million a year, two thirds of which would be invested into public transportation. Because of opposition, even among her own political allies, the original plan had to be scaled down as the traffic restricted zone (ZTL) was reduced from a planned 60 km2 to 8 km2. The implemented Ecopass ZTL represents just 5% of the city's area.〔 Also the launch was delayed from October 2007 until after the Christmas and New Year holidays,〔 and the mayor was forced to include discounts for local residents.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ecopass」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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