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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Electrostatics ： ウィキペディア英語版 Electrostatics Electrostatics is a branch of physics that deals with the phenomena and properties of stationary or slow-moving electric charges with no acceleration. Since classical physics, it has been known that some materials such as amber attract lightweight particles after rubbing. The Greek word for amber, ', was the source of the word 'electricity'. Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other. Such forces are described by Coulomb's law. Even though electrostatically induced forces seem to be rather weak, the electrostatic force between e.g. an electron and a proton, that together make up a hydrogen atom, is about 36 orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational force acting between them. There are many examples of electrostatic phenomena, from those as simple as the attraction of the plastic wrap to your hand after you remove it from a package, and the attraction of paper to a charged scale, to the apparently spontaneous explosion of grain silos, the damage of electronic components during manufacturing, and the operation of photocopiers. Electrostatics involves the buildup of charge on the surface of objects due to contact with other surfaces. Although charge exchange happens whenever any two surfaces contact and separate, the effects of charge exchange are usually only noticed when at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow. This is because the charges that transfer to or from the highly resistive surface are more or less trapped there for a long enough time for their effects to be observed. These charges then remain on the object until they either bleed off to ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge: e.g., the familiar phenomenon of a static 'shock' is caused by the neutralization of charge built up in the body from contact with insulated surfaces. ==Coulomb's law== (詳細はnewtons) between two point charges $q$ and $Q$ (in coulombs). It is convenient to label one of these charges, $q$, as a test charge, and call $Q$ a source charge. As we develop the theory, more source charges will be added. If $r$ is the distance (in meters) between two charges, then the force is: :$F\; =\; \backslash frac\backslash frac=\; k\_e\backslash frac\backslash ,\; ,$ where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, or permittivity of free space: :$\backslash varepsilon\_0\; =\; \backslash ;\backslash ;\; \backslash mathrm\}\backslash approx\; 8.854\backslash \; 187\backslash \; 817\; \backslash times\; 10^\; \backslash ;\backslash ;\; \backslash mathrm\}.$ The SI units of ε0 are equivalently  A2s4 kg−1m−3 or C2N−1m−2 or F m−1. Coulomb's constant is: :$k\_e\; \backslash approx\; \backslash frac\backslash approx\; 8.987\backslash \; 551\backslash \; 787\; \backslash times\; 10^9\; \backslash ;\backslash ;\; \backslash mathrm^.$ The use of ε0 instead of k0 in expressing Coulomb's Law is related to the fact that the force is inversely proportional to the surface area of a sphere with radius equal to the separation between the two charges. A single proton has a charge of ''e'', and the electron has a charge of −''e'', where, :$e\; \backslash approx\; 1.602\backslash \; 176\backslash \; 565\; \backslash times\; 10^\backslash ;\backslash ;\; \backslash mathrm.$ These physical constants (ε0, k0, e) are currently defined so that ε0 and k0 are exactly defined, and ''e'' is a measured quantity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Electrostatics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.