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:''For the history of the site see in chronological order Maresha, Beit Guvrin, Eleutheropolis, Bethgibelin, Bayt Jibrin, Kibbutz Beit Guvrin and Beit Guvrin National Park'' Eleutheropolis (Greek, Ελευθερόπολις, "Free City") was a Roman city in Israel, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. Its remains still straddle the ancient road to Gaza. The city was originally known in Aramaic as Beth Gabra'' which translates as the "house of strong men".〔Sharon, 1997, p.109〕 The name Eleutheropolis was given to the city by the Romans〔(Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of ... ) Edward Robinson, Eli Smith〕〔(1911 encyclopedia.org )〕 Josephus called it ''Betaris'',〔''The Jewish Wars'' Josephus Flavius IV:447. Note: Page 270 in the 1981 Penguin Classics edition.〕〔Robinson, Edward & Smith, Eli (1856) J. Murray. p. 67〕 Ptolemy referred to it as ''Baitogabra'',〔(The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia ) (1860) By John Henry Augustus Bomberger, Johann Jakob Herzog p 178〕 and in the Talmud it was known as ''Beit Guvrin''.〔〔(''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''s.v.'' "Eleutheropolis" ).〕 The former city of Eleutheropolis was rebuilt by the Crusaders as ''Bethgibelin'' or ''Gibelin''.〔Jean Richard (1921) "The Crusaders c1071-c1291" reprinted 2001 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-62566-1 p. 140〕〔''The Guide to Israel'', Zev Vilnay, Hamakor Press, Jerusalem 1972, p.276〕 The mediaeval city was known in Arabic as ''Beit Jibrin'' or ''Jubrin'' (بيت جبرين) meaning "house of the powerful",〔Khalidi, 1992, p. 209-210.〕 reflecting its original Aramaic name.〔 ==History== For earlier history, see the Bayt Jibrin page. In the Jewish War (68 CE), Vespasian slaughtered or enslaved the inhabitants of ''Betaris''. According to Josephus: "When he had seized upon two villages, which were in the very midst of Idumea, Betaris, and Caphartobas, he slew above ten thousand of the people, and carried into captivity above a thousand, and drove away the rest of the multitude, and placed no small part of his own forces in them, who overran and laid waste the whole mountainous country."〔(Josephus, ''De Bell. Jud.'', IV.viii.1 )〕 The Romans gave the city a Greek name, ''Eleutheropolis'', meaning “City of the Free."〔〔 Coins minted by Septimius Severus bear the date January 1, 200, commemorating its founding〔(''Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''s.v.'' "Eleutheropolis" )〕 and the title of ''Polis''. Eleutheropolis became one of the most important cities in Roman Palestine. Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis,〔(Amos Kloner, 1999. "The City of Eleutheropolis" ): in ''The Madaba Map Centenary 1897-1997'', (Jerusalem) pp 244-246.]〕 and Eusebius, in his ''Onomasticon'', uses the Roman milestones indicating the city as a central point from which the distances of other towns were measured.〔(''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 1911: ) "Eleutheropolis"〕 The settlement was demolished once again during the Bar Kokhba revolt, 132–135 CE. The city was a "City of Excellence" in the fourth century〔Kloner 1999〕 and a Christian bishopric with the largest territory in Palaestina: its first known bishop is Macrinus, who attended the Council of Nicaea in 325. Epiphanius of Salamis, the bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, was born at Eleutheropolis; at Ad nearby he established a monastery which is often mentioned in the polemics of Jerome with Rufinus and John, Bishop of Jerusalem. The Madaba Map(dated 542-570 CE) shows Eleutheropolis as a walled city with three towers, a curving street with a colonnade in the central part and an important basilica. In the centre is a building with a yellowish-white dome on four columns.〔http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/legends/legends084.html Madaba Map Online〕 Eleutheropolis was last mentioned in the ancient sources by the near contempory itinerarium of the Piacenza Pilgrim,〔Anonymus Placentinus Itinerarium 32〕 about 570. At Eleutheropolis, according to the hagiographies, fifty soldiers of the garrison of Gaza who had refused to deny Christ were beheaded in 638: later a church was built in their honor.〔(''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908, ''s.v.'' "Eleutheropolis" )〕 In 796 the city was again destroyed in civil warfare. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eleutheropolis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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