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The emissivity of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is light, but for objects near room temperature this light is infrared and is not visible to human eyes. The thermal radiation from very hot objects (see photograph) is easily visible to the eye. Quantitatively, emissivity is the ratio of the thermal radiation from a surface to the radiation from an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. The ratio varies from 0 to 1. The surface of a black object emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts per square meter at room temperature (25°C, 298.15 K); real objects with emissivities less than 1.0 emit radiation at correspondingly lower rates.〔The Stefan-Boltzmann law is that the rate of emission of thermal radiation is ''σT''4, where ''σ''=5.67×10−8 W/m2/K4, and the temperature ''T'' is in Kelvins. See 〕 Emissivities are important in several contexts: *insulated windows. — Warm surfaces are usually cooled directly by air, but they also cool themselves by emitting thermal radiation. This second cooling mechanism is important for simple glass windows, which have emissivities close to the maximum possible value of 1.0. "Low-E windows" with transparent low emissivity coatings emit less thermal radiation than ordinary windows. In winter, these coatings can halve the rate at which a window loses heat compared to an uncoated glass window. *solar heat collectors. — Similarly, solar heat collectors lose heat by emitting thermal radiation. Advanced solar collectors incorporate selective surfaces that have very low emissivities. These collectors waste very little of the solar energy through emission of thermal radiation. *planetary temperatures. — The planets are solar thermal collectors on a vast scale. The temperature of a planet's surface is determined by the balance between the heat absorbed by the planet from sunlight and the thermal radiation emitted by the planet back into space. The emissivity of a planet is determined by the details of its surface and of its atmosphere.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/climatsensitivity.html )〕 *temperature measurements. — Pyrometers and infrared cameras are instruments used to measure the temperature of an object by using its thermal radiation; no actual contact with the object is needed. The calibration of these instruments involves the emissivity of the surface that's being measured.〔 ==Mathematical definitions== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emissivity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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